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MIMM 211 > Lecture 18: Fungi II > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Fungi II Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 types of techniques used for spore dispersal in fungi.

A

Motile, insect and animal vectors, passive and cooperatively generated (wind), active dispersal structures

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2
Q

Which phylum uses motility as a dispersal strategy?

A

Chytridiomycota. Their spores are the only ones that are motile.

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3
Q

Name 2 types of fungi that use animal vectors as a spore dispersal strategy.

A

Cordyceps, zygomycetes

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4
Q

Which phylum uses active dispersal structures as a spore dispersal strategy?

A

Basidiomycota.

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5
Q

Name 3 terms for asexual reproduction of anamorph

A

Binary fission, mitosis, duplication

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6
Q

What is the mode of asexual reproduction in yeast?

A

Budding

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7
Q

What are the major types of spore in asexual reproduction?

A

Not enclosed in a sac or enclosed in a sac.

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8
Q

What is the spore type (morphology) of conidiospores? What phylum are they part of?

A

Not enclosed in a sac - ascomycotes

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9
Q

What is the spore type of sporangiospores? What phylum are they part of?

A

Enclosed in a sac - zygomycetes (Mucoromycota)

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10
Q

The asexual form of fungi is termed […]

A

Anamorph

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11
Q

The sexual form of fungi is termed […]

A

Teleomorph

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12
Q

What are the 6 major phylogenetic groups of fungi?

A
  1. Microsporidia
  2. Chytridiomycota
  3. Mucoromycota
  4. Glomeromycota
  5. Ascomycota
  6. Basidiomycota
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13
Q

What phyla of fungi contain fungi that causes disease?

A

Microsporidia, mucoromycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota

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14
Q

The key genus in microsporidia is […]

A

Encephalitozoon

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15
Q

Describe the key characteristics of microsporidia.

A

They are obligate parasites. They have undergone significant genome reduction and can lack several organelles and metabolic pathways because they need to be as simple as possible.

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16
Q

What kinds of illnesses can microsporidia cause?

A

They can cause chronic diseases of the intestine, lung, eye, muscle, and some internal organs in immunocompromised people, mostly those who have AIDS

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17
Q

Describe the life cycle of microsporidia.

A

They reproduce asexually. Spores get ingested by the host, where they grow a tube that inject genetic material into host cell. The nuclei and cytoplasm will break up to form spores, which are then released from the host cell when there are too many. The spores can then go on to be ingested another host.

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18
Q

Where are chytridiomycota usually found?

A

In moist soil and freshwater

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19
Q

What type of spores do cythridiomycota form? Do they undergo asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, or both? Describe their morphology

A

They form zoospores, and undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction. Zoospores are motile and flagellate.

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20
Q

Give an example of a chytridiomycota genus and its environmental impact.

A

Batrachochytrium - implicated in massive die-off of amphibians via the infection of their epidermal layers (chytridiomycosis)

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21
Q

What is the key genus in mucoromycota?

A

Zygomycota

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22
Q

Describe the key characteristics of mucoromycota.

A

They are known primarily for food spoilage, and are commonly found in soil and decaying plant material.

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23
Q

Name the type(s) of spores that mucoromycota produce (incl. spore type) and whether they reproduce sexually or asexually or both.

A

They reproduce asexually and sexually. Their asexual spore is called a sporangiospore (enclosed in a sac), while their sexual spore is called a zygospore (come in many shapes and sizes).

24
Q

Name a significant species of mucoromycota and its health impact.

A

The Rhizopus species, which can cause serious infection of the lung, sinuses, eyes, nose, and mouth

25
Q

Describe the life cycle of rhizopus.

A

It starts in an asexual cycle: a sporangium grows and bursts to release spores, which germinate to produce hyphae and grow vegetative mycelium.
Sexual cycle: gametes form at the tip of the hypha and undergo plasmogamy, creating a diploid zygospore. They undergo karyogamy and meiosis, yielding haploid sporangium that can release spores.

26
Q

Pilobolus are an example of the phylum […] and genus […]

A

Murocomycota, zygomycota

27
Q

Explain how spores are spread for pilobolus.

A

They grow in and are passaged through cow dung. They use a hydrostatic canon guided by light and shadow to shoot spores into unsoiled grass.

28
Q

Describe the major characteristics of glomeromycota.

A

It is a small group of fungi that have major ecological importance, as it helps plants acquire phosphate from soil in return for fixed carbon from the plant. They are thought to have played an importance role in the ability of early vascular plants to colonize land.

29
Q

The spores formed by glomeromycota are called […]

A

Endomycorrhizae

30
Q

Describe the reproduction and morphology of glomeromycota (incl. spore type).

A

They reproduce asexually only. They have mostly aseptate hyphal morphology.

31
Q

Which phylum had a role in the colonization of early vascular plants on land?

A

Glomeromycota

32
Q

What is the most medically important fungi phylum?

A

Ascomycota

33
Q

What are the key genera in ascomycota?

A

Saccharomyces, candida, aspergillus

34
Q

Describe the key characteristics and morphology of ascomycota (incl. spore type).

A

They are highly diverse, including baker’s yeast and common molds. They have sac fungi and septate hyphae.

35
Q

Do ascomycota reproduce sexually or asexually or both? What type of spores do they produce?

A

They reproduce asexually and sexually. When reproducing asexually, they form conidiospores. When reproducing sexually, they form ascospores. When their nuclei fuse, they form asci.

36
Q

What are asci?

A

They are a feature of ascopores, the sexual spores of ascomycota. They are formed when two haploid nuclei from different mating types fuse to form a diploid nucleus that eventually undergoes meiosis to form haploid ascospores.

37
Q

Asci can be generated in structures called […]. What is their function? Give 3 examples.

A

Fruiting bodies/ascocarops, which allow spores to disperse. For example, Discomycetes have a shotgun, Pyrenomycetes have a rifle, and aspergillus have a grenade.

38
Q

Describe the life cycle of ascomycetes.

A

Starts with asexual cycle: hypha produce conidiophores, which release conidia. The conidium germinate to reproduce hyphae, which grow vegetative mycelium. This can both grow more conidia and continue the asexual cycle and starts the sexual cycle.
Sexual cycle: Plasmogamy takes place, forming ascospores. The asci undergo karyogamy, then meiosis then mitosis, and the ascus opens to release ascospores, which then germinate to produce hyphae, growing vegetative mycelium.

39
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae are […], and are part of the phylum […]

A

Yeast, ascomycota

40
Q

Describe the reproduction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Include when they are haploid and diploid.

A

They reproduce through budding (asexual) and by mating (sexual). They begin as haploids that undergo cell fusion, becoming diploid. Some then undergo asexual reproduction by budding, while others will undergo meiosis, forming an ascus -> ascopores, which are haploid.

41
Q

The asexual form of reproduction in saccharomyces is called […]

A

budding

42
Q

The sexual form of reproduction in saccharomyces is called […], forming […]

A

mating, forming ascospores

43
Q

How do saccharomyces switch between asexual and sexual reproduction?

A

By a genetic switch mechanism

44
Q

Where do saccharomyces thrive?

A

In habitats where sugars are present.

45
Q

What is white nose syndrome? What fungus causes it?

A

It is caused by pseudogymnaoscus destructans and infects bats in North America. It is a psychrophilic fungus that grows in caves on bats, killing them by waking them from hibernation (leading to starvation) .

46
Q

How is white nose disease spread?

A

It is spread on the boots of cavers.

47
Q

What were the consequences of the spread of white nose syndrome?

A

The death of bats resulting in millions of pounds per year of insects that were not being eaten. This included mosquitos that spread human disease, such as West Nile virus and Zika. Bats also normally pollinate >500 species of plants.

48
Q

What phylum is a major source of plant pathogens? Name 2 examples.

A

Basidiomycota. Plant pathogens include wheat rust and corn smut.

49
Q

What are basidiomycota? What are the two major types?

A

They are classic mushrooms, which consist of septate hyphae. There are commercial mushrooms, called Agaricus, and poisonous mushrooms, called Amanitus.

50
Q

Do basidiomycota reproduce asexually or sexually or both? What type(s) of spores do they produce?

A

They reproduce both sexually and asexually. When they reproduce asexually, they form conidiospores. When they reproduce sexually, they form basidiospores, which are the conventional mushroom structure.

51
Q

Describe the structure of basidiomycota.

A

The gills around the top of the mushroom have basidia, which are formed by meiosis. These in turn have basidium, which release basidiospores.

52
Q

What is the advantage of the structure of basidiomycota?

A

Because of the shape of the gills, dispersion is increased by increasing surface area and elevation.

53
Q

Describe the life cycle of basidiomycota.

A

Start with asexual cycle: hyphal fragment breaks off vegetative mycelium. The fragment grows to produce new mycelium. The vegetative mycelium grows and can either continue the asexual cycle or prompt the sexual cycle.
Sexual cycle: plasmogamy occurs, which creates the fruiting structure (mushroom). Basidiospores are formed by meiosis. They mature and are dischargwed, leading to germination to produce hyphae.

54
Q

Give an example of a basidiomycota spore dispersal strategy and explain how it works.

A

Surface tension catapult: Buller’s drop water drop) swells until it contacts the spore water drop. the sudden flow of water onto the spore is arrested by surface tension. This knocks the spore away from the sterigma (stalk).

55
Q

Give another example of a basidiomycota spore dispersal strategy.

A

Puffball fungi, where spores are ejected by an external force, such as an animal or raindrop. Releases up to a trillion spores at once.

56
Q

What type of fungus are Jack-O-Lantern mushrooms?

A

It is a basidiomycete.

MIMM 211 (38 decks)

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