Historical perspectives

Question 1

Lucretius and Fracastoro

Answer 1

Suggested that invisible organisms cause disease.

Question 2

Janssen

Answer 2

Developed the first microscope (coudl magnify 3X to 9X)

Question 3

Hooke

Answer 3

Did the first depiction of a microorganism (Sporangia of microorganism Mucor) in book Micrographia

Question 4

Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 4

• Discovered bacteria and protozoa using a small handheld microscope
• Described microorganisms as “animalcules”

Question 5

Redi

Answer 5

Did decaying meat experiment to test spontaneous generation. He claimed that his theory experiment disproved spontaneous generation (however it actually caused more questions).

Question 6

Needham

Answer 6

Boiled mutton broth, put it in a flask and sealed it. He claims that his experiments supported spontaneous generation.

Question 7

Spallanzani

Answer 7

Put broth in a flask, then sealed it and boiled it. He claimed that his experiment disproved spontaneous generation.

Question 8

Pasteur (5)

Answer 8

• Swan neck flask experiment
• Showed that silkworms were parasitized by a protozoan
• Created the first attenuated live vaccine
• Created the rabies vaccine
• Discovered that microorganisms are responsible for fermentation

Question 9

Tyndall

Answer 9

Supported Pasteur’s findings using his dust-free box, with the interior of the box filled with gluycerin to trap dust. Air could freely enter, but no microorganisms appeared in the broth.

Question 10

Bassi (2)

Answer 10

• Began the germ theory of disease
• Showed that a microorganism can cause disease in silkworms

Question 11

Berkeley

Answer 11

Showed that the potato blight of Ireland was caused by a fungus

Question 12

Lister

Answer 12

Used heat and phenol in surgery to prevent infection, inspired by Pasteur. His work suggested the role of microorganisms in causing disease.

Question 13

Koch (3)

Answer 13

• Demonstrated that a bacterium caused anthrax in mice
• Wanted to isolate human pathogens
• Developed media similar to human pathogens

Question 14

Salmon and smith

Answer 14

Found that killed cells are as effective as live vaccines in conferring immunity.

Question 15

Von Behring

Answer 15

Discovered humoral immunity by showing that antibodies are produced in blood against diphteria.

Question 16

Metchnikoff

Answer 16

Discovered cellular immunity by demonstrating that phagocytes can engulf bacteria and provife immunity against infection.

Question 17

Winogradsky

Answer 17

Soil bacteria can obtain energy by the oxidation of iron, sulfur, and ammonia and transform CO2 into OM.

Question 18

Beijerinck

Answer 18

Introduced nitrogen-fixing bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria

Question 19

Winogradsky and Beijerinck

Answer 19

Introduced the enrichment-culture technique and use of selective media.