Lecture 8- Innate Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the immune system do?

A

fights off foreign material that threatens the body and protects against disease

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2
Q

what are the two different types of immunity?

A

innate
adaptive

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3
Q

what is adaptive immunity?

A

highly specific

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4
Q

what is innate immunity?

A

non- specific

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5
Q

what does the innate immune system specifically do?

A

protects humans from most infectious diseases

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6
Q

when does immunity start?

A

at birth and is always present

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7
Q

what is natural host resistance?

A

host resistance has no memory but our susceptibility to pathogens varies from one species to another

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8
Q

what is an example of how susceptibility to pathogens varies from one species to another?

A

HIV can infect human cells but not mice
anthrax causes fatal blood infection in cattle but just a minor skin infection in humans

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9
Q

can the immune system be specific?

A

YES can be specific for a particular tissue

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10
Q

can pathogens be specific?

A

yes! they prefer a specific body site to initiate infection (some have specific receptors and bind to specific cell types)

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11
Q

how can pathogens spread?

A

aerosols (sneezing)
bodily fluids (blood)

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12
Q

what is Clostridium tetani?

A

anaerobic and thus prefer to live in our anaerobic bodies, can be ingested or can enter into deep wounds. this is why we get tetanus shot to prevent microbes like this

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13
Q

how does the innate immune system protect us? what barriers/ defenses does it have? (5)

A

physical barriers
chemical defenses
cellular defenses
molecular defenses
physiological processes

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14
Q

what are two main barriers to infection?

A

skin
mucous membranes

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15
Q

how does the skin act as a physical barrier?

A

prevents invasion by microbes because its slightly acidic (pH 5) which microbes dont like
high NaCl (because salty microbes dont like this)

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16
Q

what is the skin made of?

A

keratin which is a tough protective protein

17
Q

what can grow on the skin and how?

A

fungal infections can grow on skin surface can break skin to get in but many require broken skin in order to penetrate and cause infection

18
Q

what is mucous produced by?

A

goblet cells which trap microbes preventing infection

19
Q

what does a mucous membrane do?

A

line tracts in the body and contain antimicrobial secretions

20
Q

what tracts does the mucous membrane line? 4

A

respiratory tract
gastrointestinal tract
large intestine (colon)
genitourinary tract

21
Q

what does the respiratory tract contain?

A

mucociliary escalator

22
Q

what do the mucosal epithelial cells within the respiratory tract contain?

A

cilia

23
Q

what do cilia do in the respiratory tract?

A

filter incoming air through a sweeping action
the sweeping action allows for removal of mucous and trapped microbes from the lungs

24
Q

what are the two major components of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

stomach
small intestine

25
Q

do many microbes survive in the stomach? why?

A

no because its a very acidic environment (pH 2) and contains proteases

26
Q

how does the small intestinal tract counteract the high pH of the stomach?

A

pancreatic juice that contains pancreatic enzymes buffers acidity of incoming contents from the stomach (pH 7)

27
Q

do many microbes live in the small intestine?

A

no, the microbes cant maintain cellular integrity in the harsh environment with the bile

28
Q

what does the large intestine contain?

A

normal microbiota

29
Q

where does a normal microbial resident that lives in the large intestine live symbiotically?

A

inside the colon

30
Q

how do microbes living in the large intestine and colon persist?

A

by using attachment sites

31
Q

what does it mean to consume undigested nutrients in the large intestine?

A

competitive exclusion

32
Q

what does it mean to produce antimicrobial compounds in the large intestine?

A

microbial antagonism