Lecture 7b- microbial diversity part 2 Flashcards
phylogenetically what are the 5 phyla archaea are split into?
euryarchaeota
nanoarchaeota
korarchaeota
crenarchaeota
thaumarchaeota
what is an example of an extreme halophile in the phyla euryarchaeota?
halobacteria/ haloarchaea
where are halobacteria found?
in solar salt evaporation ponds and salt lakes where the salt concentration approaches saturation (dead sea, great salt lake) as well as places like soda lakes where theres high alkaline hypersaline
what kind of adaptations are used for archaea in highly ionic environments?
accumulate solutes to change the osmotic balance
what specifically does halobacterium salinarum do to deal with high salt concentration environments?
pumps large amounts of K+ into the cell from the environment so that more water will enter the cell and osmotic balance can be achieved
some haloarchaea have a unique system for generating energy, how does it work?
uses a pigment called bacteriorhodopsin which is an integral membrane protein that absorbs light energy and pumps proteins across the membrane to make a PMF, PMF generates ATP.
DO NOT FIX CO2
what phyla are methanogenic archaea from?
euyarchaeota
what is unique about methanogenic archaea?
only microbes capable of significant methane production
an example of methanogenic archaea is methanobacterium, what do they do?
produce the bulk of CH4 in the atmosphere (important green house gas)
what is methanobacterium’s oxygen requirements? where do they live
strict anaerobes
found in cows gut, sewage sludge
what kind of cell walls do methanobacterium have?
pseudomurein (similar structure to peptidoglycan but not as similar of composition)
only the methanobacteriales family within methanogenic archaea possess this type of cell wall
what is the common cell wall type of methanogenic archaea?
S-layer made of protein or glycoprotein as their cell wall
what does the phyla thaumarchaeota do?
carries out nitrification
Nitrosopumilus maritimus is an example of a thaumarchaeota, what are its oxygen requirements? what energy class is it?
aerobic
ammonia oxidizing chemolithoautotroph
if Nitrosopumilus maritimus are ammonia oxidizing chemolithoautotrophs what do they do?
convert ammonia into Nitrogen Dioxide for energy
uses CO2 for carbon
where are Nitrosopumilus maritimus found?
in the ocean where they are a major player in nitrogen cycling
what phyla are Nanoarchaeum equitans in?
Nanoarchaeota
what is the phyla Nanoarchaeota known for?
being small (nano=small)
what is Nanoarchaeum equitans oxygen requirements?
obligate parasite thus is dependent on host for cellular needs
what is unique about Nanoarchaeum equitans? what do they lack?
have one of the smallest genomes known
lack genes for all but core molecular processes
what phyla is Korarchaeum cryptofilum apart of?
korarchaeota
what oxygen requirements does Korarchaeum cryptofilum have? what temperature requirements?
obligately anaerobic chemoorganotroph
hyperthermophile
what does it mean if Korarchaeum cryptofilum cant yet be grown in pure culture?
it lacks many core genes and depends on other members of hot springs community
what temperature requirements does crenarchaeota have?
hyperthermophiles (found in very hot environments)
what energy class does crenarchaeota have?
chemoorganotrophs or chemolithotrophs
what do crenarchaeota use in their metabolism?
sulfur
sulfolobus acidocaldarius is an example of crenarchaeota, where does it grow?
in sulfur rich acidic hot springs (~90C, pH 2)
hyperthermophile and acidophile
what is sulfolobus acidocaldarius oxygen requirements?
aerobic chemolithotroph that oxidizes reduced sulfur or iron
what is the asgard superphylum of archaea?
archaea only known from sequence analyses from metagenomes, very recent so ecological functions of these groups are unknown
how did the asgard super phylum of archaea break down the group into different phyla?
broken down based on the Norse gods (Lokiarchaeota, odinarchaeota, thorarchaeota, heimdallarchaeota)
what can the asgard superphylum of archaea determine?
the “missing link” between archaea and eukarya
because members of this superphylum contain versions of genes previously though to have been eukaryote- specific
