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Microbiology 1010 > Lecture 2- Structures of prokaryote > Flashcards

Lecture 2- Structures of prokaryote Flashcards

1
Q

what are proteins made of?

A

polypeptides

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2
Q

what are polypeptides?

A

a long polymer of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

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3
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A

enzymes
transport proteins
structural proteins

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4
Q

what is the function of enzymes?

A

catalyze chemical reactions

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5
Q

what is the function of transport proteins?

A

move other molecules across membranes into a cell

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6
Q

what is the function of structural proteins?

A

help determine shape of the cell
involved in cell diffusion

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7
Q

what is the cytoplasm of the prokaryote?

A

material bounded by plasma/ cytoplasmic membrane

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8
Q

what is the nucleoid?

A

region that contains the genome (DNA)

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9
Q

what is a typical genome?

A

single circular double stranded DNA, may have 1 or more plasmids

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10
Q

what is a plasmid?

A

smaller circular double stranded DNA
self replicating and carry non essential genes (selective advantage. ex. genes for antibiotic resistance)

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11
Q

what does DNA do?

A

carries genetic information of all living cells.
polymer of deoxyribonucleotides

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12
Q

what is the protoplast?

A

plasma membrane and everything within [macromolecules (amino acids, nucleotides…), soluble proteins, DNA + RNA (nucleoid)

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13
Q

function of ribosomes?

A

site of protein synthesis

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14
Q

what does a 70S ribosome have in it?

A

30S subunit
50S subunit

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15
Q

what is the 30S subunit? what is it made of?

A

small subunit
made of protein and 16S rRNA

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16
Q

what is the 50S subunit? what is it made of?

A

large subunit
made of protein and 23S rRNA and 5S rRNA

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17
Q

where are ribosomes in the cell?

A

cytoplasm (can be plasma associated ribosomes but only when they are to be exported from protein synthesis)
rough endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

what are 3 cell surface structures?

A

capsules and slime layers
fimbriae
pili

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19
Q

what are capsules and slime layers made of? what is the structure of it?

A

protein layers/ polysaccharides
can be thick or thin, rigid or flexible

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20
Q

what is the function of capsules and slime layers?

A

assist in attachment to surfaces, protect against phagocytosis and resist desiccation

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21
Q

what is fimbriae made of? what type of structures are they?

A

filamentous protein structures

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22
Q

what is the function of fimbriae?

A

enable organisms to stick to surfaces or form pellicles

23
Q

what is longer, fimbriae or pili?

A

pili

24
Q

what is pili made of? what type of structures are they?

A

filamentous protein structures

25
Q

how do pili reproduce?

A

self replicating

26
Q

what is the function of pili?

A

assist in surface attachment
facilitate genetic exchange between cells (conjunction)

27
Q

what is type IV pili involved in?

A

twitching motility (how they move)

28
Q

what are cell inclusion bodies?

A

visible aggregates in cytoplasm

29
Q

what are 3 aggregates?

A

carbon storage polymers
inorganic inclusions
magnetosomes

30
Q

what are two examples of carbon storage polymers?

A

poly- B- hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
glycogen granules (polymer of glucose)

31
Q

what is the function of PHB?

A

lipid storage

32
Q

what are two examples of inorganic inclusions?

A

polyphosphate granules (volutin)
sulfur globules

33
Q

what is the function of polyphosphate granules?

A

storage of phosphate and energy

34
Q

what is the function of sulfur globules?

A

storage of sulfur used in energy generation

35
Q

what are magnetosomes?

A

magnetic inclusions

36
Q

what granules do magnetosomes have inside them?

A

iron sulfide

37
Q

what does magnetosomes having magnetic properties do?

A

allows it to orient itself in a magnetic field called magnetotaxis (bacteria migrate along earths magnetic field)

38
Q

where are gas vesicles found?

A

cytoplasm of prokaryotes

39
Q

how are gas vesicles shaped?

A

spindle- shaped hollow tubed gas filled structures made of protein

40
Q

are gas vesicles permeable to water?

A

no, they are impermeable to water, therefore, dont allow water to pass through them

41
Q

what is the function of gas vesicles?

A

decreasing cell density
confer buoyancy in planktonic cells

42
Q

what are endospores highly differentiated?

A

resistant to heat, harsh chemicals and radiation

43
Q

how do endospores disperse?

A

wind
water
animal gut

44
Q

what are endospores produced from?

A

only by some gram positives

45
Q

what are two examples of endospores?

A

bacillus
clostridium
both are anaerobic gram positive rods

46
Q

what is a vegetative cell?

A

capable of normal growth (metabolically active)

47
Q

what is the process of an endospore going through germination?

A

vegetative cell (metabolically active)
endospore develops in a vegetative mother cell (metabolically inactive)
takes 8-10 hours in there
mature spore gets released (releases due to lack of nutrients)

48
Q

what are two protective features of the endospore?

A

layers
core

49
Q

what do layers of the endospore protect against?

A

chemicals
enzymes
physical damage
heat

50
Q

how many membranes do endospores have?

A

two membranes (permeability barriers against chemicals)

51
Q

what does the core protect against?

A

heat (because they’re dehydrated)
Ca-dipicolinic acid
small acid soluble proteins
DNA damage

52
Q

what are 5 things endospores can resist?

A

boiling for hours
UV and radiation
chemical disinfectants
desiccation
age

53
Q

what is the lifecycle of a spore forming bacterium

A

stage 1: asymmetric cell division (DNA replicates, identical chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of the cell)

stage 2: septation (divides cell into two unequal compartments; forespore (prespore) and mother cell)

stage 3: mother cell engulfs the forespore (forespore surrounded by two membranes)

stage 4: formation of the cortex (thick layers of peptidoglycan form between the two membranes)

stage 5: coat synthesis (protein layers surround the core wall –> spore coat, exosporium) Ca+ and SASP accumulates in the core to stabilize DNA

stage 6: endospore matures (core is dehydrated to make it more heat stable)

stage 7 mother cell is lysed (mother cell disintegrates, mature spore is released)

Microbiology 1010 (19 decks)

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