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AU2017 Physio Exam 3 > Lecture 8- Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Lecture 8- Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

3 components that regulate the GI tract

A

neurons

paracrine mediators

hormones

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2
Q

neurons that regulate the GI tract are from the … and … nervous systems

A

autonomic

enteric

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3
Q

paracrine mediators are produced by …. and reach target cells via …

A

local cells

diffusion

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4
Q

hormones are produced by … cells and reach gut via…

A

endocrine

blood

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5
Q

3 types of neurons involved

A

motor
interneurons
sensory

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6
Q

3 receptors of the GI system

A

mechano-
osmo-
chemo-

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7
Q

the receptors of the GI tract (mechano, osmo and chemo) are initiated by …. (4)

A

distension of the wall

chyme osmolarity

chyme acidity

chyme concentrations

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8
Q

what are the 4 main hormones that play a large role in regulating digestion

A

gastrin

cholecystokinin (CCK)

secretin

glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

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9
Q

3 generalizations of GI hormones

A
  1. Each hormone participates a in feedback control system to regulate some aspect of the GI lumen
  2. Each hormone affects more than one type of target cell
  3. Hormones can have synergistic effects
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10
Q

3 phases of GI control

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

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11
Q

the cephalic phase involves …. nerve fibers affecting the … and they are initiated when receptors in brain are stimulated

A

parasympathetic

ENS

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12
Q

the gastric phase is involved in … and … neural reflexes and involves the hormone …

A

short
long
gastrin

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13
Q

the gastric phase occurs during 4 different scenarios

A

distension

acidity

amino acid breakdown

peptide breakdown

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14
Q

the intestinal phase is involved in .. and … reflexes and involves the hormones … , … and …

A 
short 
long
CCK
GIP
secretin
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15
Q

the intestinal phase occurs during 4 different scenarios

A

distension

acidity

osmolarity

various digestive products

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16
Q

where is the majority of bacteria killed in the GI system

A

stomach

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17
Q

there are … sections of the stomach and … glandular regions

A

3

2

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18
Q

the 3 sections of the stomach are

A

fundus
body
antrum

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19
Q

the body of the stomach secretes … , … and …

A

mucus
pepsinogen
HCl

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20
Q

the antrum of the stomach secretes … , … and …

A

mucus
pepsinogen
gastrin

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21
Q

what are the 2 glandular regions of the stomach ?

A

oxyntic (top)

pyloric (bottom)

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22
Q

parietal cells produce … and … in the fundus and body of the stomach (oxyntic gland area)

A

HCl

intrinsic factor

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23
Q

chief cells produce … in the body and antrum of the stomach (oxyntic and pyloric gland area)

A

pepsinogen

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24
Q

mucous is secreted by … cells throughout all sections of the stomach

A

mucous neck cells

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25
Q

HCO3 is secreted by … throughout all sections of the stomach

A

epithelial cells

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26
Q

Gastrin is secreted by … cells in the ….

A

G

antrum (pyloric gland area)

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27
Q

Somatostatin is produced by …. cells throughout the stomach at the base of the …. glands

28
Q

histamine is secreted by ….-like cells

A

enterochromaffin

29
Q

… is responsible for the production of HCl

A

carbonic anhydrase

30
Q

… is the strongest HCl stimulant

31
Q

histamine release can be triggered by … or …

A

gastrin

Ach

32
Q

… and … can have direct effects on parietal cells

A

gastrin and Ach

33
Q

in all cases of input to parietal cells, activation of receptors results in … activation that increases the ability of parietal cell s to release H+ and Cl-

A

second messenger

34
Q

… is a potent inhibitor of HCl secretion

A

somatostatin

35
Q

somatostatin has 2 mechanisms in which it can inhibit HCl secretion from the parietal cell

A
  • G cell

- D cell

36
Q

the cephalic phase is triggered through ….. of food and activates the … and production of …

(also mechanical stimulation from chewing and swallowing)

A

sigh, smell, taste of food

PNS

Ach

37
Q

the gastric phase is triggered by …, presence of proteins, peptides and amino acids. this increases…. secretion

A

distension

gastrin

38
Q

the intestinal phase initially enhances … secretion but later in digestion, the intestinal phase is ….

A

HCl

inhibitory

39
Q

in the intestinal phase, when the pH of chyme is less than 3, … is produced

40
Q

in the intestinal phase, high H+, amino acids, and fatty acids stimulate …. which …. HCl production

A

CCK

decreases

41
Q

what 2 things prevent HCl and pepsin from degrading gastric tissue

A

mucus

HCO3- production from gastric epithelial cells

42
Q

pepsinogen is produced by … cells and … helps to cleave it to pepsin

43
Q

pepsinogen is a … meaning it is a proenzyme that needs to be cleaved to become active

44
Q

… is a hormone produced by intestinal cells that inhibit the secretion or motility in the stomach.

A

enterogastrone

secretin and CCK too

45
Q

the pancreas is an … gland and it produces … and …

A

bicarb ions

digestive enzymes

46
Q

pancreas is important in the secretion of …

A

trypsinogen

47
Q

… converts trypsinogen to trypsin

A

enteropeptidase

48
Q

CCK secretion is potentiated by …

49
Q

an increase in intestinal fatty acids and amino acids will cause an increase in … secretion in the small intestine, leading to increased … in plasma, leading to increase enzyme secretion in the pancreas leading to increased flow of enzymes into the SI and increased digestion of fats and proteins–> absorption

50
Q

CCK strongly potentiates the effects of …

51
Q

the … produces bile and secretes it into small ducts called …. which converge and drain into larger bile ducts

A

liver

bile canaliculi

52
Q

the liver synthesizes about …. of bile salts a day

but, …. of bile salts are secreted a day

A

20-60 mg

1200-3600 mg

53
Q

more bile salts are secreted than synthesized because they are … though the enterohepatic circulation

54
Q

increased CCK will cause the gall bladder to …. to increase bile flow into the common bile duct and it will also cause …. of the sphincter of Oddi to increase bile flow into duodenum

A

contract

relaxation

55
Q

2 types of smooth muscle contractions in the small intestine

A

peristalsis

segmentation

56
Q

… is described as progressive contractions of successive sections of circular smooth muscle

A

peristalsis

57
Q

… is described as closely spaced contractions of the circular muscle layer. when this is rhythmic (contract/relax) chyme is mixed and slowly moved downward

A

segmentation

58
Q

during absorption, … contractions occur

A

segmentation

59
Q

after most absorption has occured, … contractions occur

A

peristaltic

60
Q

peristalsis is driven by a migrating …

A

myoelectric complex

61
Q

the myoelectric complex starts in lower …. and travels about 2 feet prior to dying out. it is initiated by the intestinal hormone …

A

stomach

motilin

62
Q

food bolue enters the large intestine through the … valve

63
Q

primary purpose of the large intestine is to actively transport … from lumen to blood. also, … secretion is coupled to … absorption

A

Na+

HCO3

Cl

64
Q

…. of some food bolus contents maximizes the absorption of nutrients from the food

A

bacterial fermentation

65
Q

motility in the large intestine occurs as slow … contractions and ….-like contractions occur 3-4 times per day

A

segmentation

peristaltic

AU2017 Physio Exam 3 (12 decks)

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