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AU2017 Physio Exam 3 > Lecture 2- Mechanics of breathing and gas exchange > Flashcards

Lecture 2- Mechanics of breathing and gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

compliance is regulated by … and …

A

lung elasticity

surface tension

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2
Q

compliance is the inverse of …. and is indicative of the amount of … … needed to ventilate the lung

A

stiffness

muscle force

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3
Q

if you increase surface tension, then you … pressure

A

increase

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4
Q

if you decrease radius, you … pressure

A

increase

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5
Q

surfactant reduces … … by decreasing density of water molecules at air-water interface

A

surface tension

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6
Q

surfactant is an …. …. + protein molecule that forms a monolayer between air and water

A

amphipathic phospholipid

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7
Q

T/F surfactant has a greater effect in larger alveoli than small

A

false. greater effect on small

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8
Q

surfactant does not create additional surface tension and will … compliance

A

increase

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9
Q

production of surfactant is regulated by … receptors in type 2 cells; so … breathing increases surfactant production

A

stretch

deep

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10
Q

which is more important in increasing lung compliance?

overcoming surface tension

lung elasticity

A

overcoming surface tension

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11
Q

what is the 2nd leading cause of death in premature infants?

A

ARDs

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12
Q

surfactant deficiency leads to…

A

respiratory distress

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13
Q

whats is the therapy for ARDs?

A

mechanical ventilation and artificial surfactant

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14
Q

if resistance is increased than you breathe more …. to increase change in pressure.
You breathe more … because airflow during expiration is limited

A

deeply

slowly

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15
Q

if compliance is decreased then you breathe more … to compensate for reduced change in volume and change in pressure.
You breathe more …. to minimize muscle effort

A

rapidly

shallowly

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16
Q

… causes increased airway resistance because of inappropriate contraction of smooth muscle

A

asthma

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17
Q

how can asthma be treated

A

glucocorticoud therapy and/or bronchodilators

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18
Q

… increases airway resistance and is often associated with smoking

A

COPD

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19
Q

…. is a disease where the alveolar tissues are damaged or destroyed perhaps due to overproduction of proteolytic enzymes

A

emphysema

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20
Q

emphysema results in airway …, lack of … and difficulty in …

A

collapse
recoil
expiring

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21
Q

… is when mucus or inflammation impairs airflow and this leads to increased … and … breathing

A

chronic bronchitis

resistance

deeper

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22
Q

inspiratory reserve volume is …. x the tidal volume

A

6x

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23
Q

expiratory reserve volume is …. x the tidal volume

A

3x

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24
Q

… volume is the amount of air that stays in the lungs after maximum expiration

A

residual

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25
clinically relevant measures of lung volumes
vital capacity forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)
26
in a healthy lung, FEV1 is usually ... % of vital capacity
80%
27
equation for vital capacity?
IRV+ERV+TV ~5000ml
28
equation for total lung capacity?
vital capacity + residual volume ~6000ml
29
in obstructive lung diseases, FEV1 is ... and vital capacity is ...
decreased normal
30
in restricted lung disease, FEV1 is ... and vital capacity is ...
normal decreased
31
the equation for minute ventilation is.... but not all air reaches alveoli so must consider ...
resp. rate x tidal V
32
anatomical dead space is about .... ml
150ml
33
the equation for alveolar ventilation
(tidal V- dead space) x respiratory rate
34
which is better at increasing alveolar ventilation? increasing resp. rate or increasing tidal volume? and why?
increasing tidal volume (because of the anatomical dead space)
35
alveolar deadspace exists when there is a mismatch between ... and ...
ventilation and bloodflow
36
alveolar dead space is always greater than.... even in normal lungs due to the effects of ... on bloodflow
zero gravity
37
... dead space is the sum of anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space
physiologic
38
... Law says that for a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual (partial) pressures
Dalton's
39
Dalton's law states that a pressure exerted by a gas is .... of pressure exerted by other gases
independent
40
... Law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with the liquid
Henry's
41
partial pressure vs. concentration of a gas in a liquid depends on .... (3)
which gas it is partial pressure of the gas temperature
42
what 3 things affect alveolar PO2?
atmospheric PO2 rat of alveolar ventilation rate of cellular O2 consumption
43
... is when ventilation is decreased relative to metabolism. So there will be a ... in alveolar PO2 and a ... in alveolar PCO2
hypoventilation decrease increase
44
.... is when ventilation is increased relative to metabolism So there will be a .... in alveolar PO2 and a ... in alveolar PCO2
hyper ventilation increase decrease
45
as you go to higher altitudes, the partial pressure of ... decreases so it is not able to diffuse as easily into the lungs because there is less of a pressure gradient
oxygen
46
equation for lung compliance
change in volume of lung / change in pressure (ptp)
47
... is the measure of the intermolecular attractive forces that stabilize liquid. these forces pull molecules together at the air-liquid interface
surface tension
48
for polar molecules like water, surface tension is created by ....
electrostatic force
49
alveoli are connected to e/o so the smallest ones are at a greater risk of ...
collapsing
50
COPD is a result of these 2 conditions together
emhysema | chronic bronchitis
51
Tidal volume is about ... mL and is the volume entering lungs per breath
500ml
52
inspiratory reserve volume is the max inspired and it is about
3000ml
53
expiratory reserve volume is the volume exhaled past TV and is about....
1500ml
54
residual volume is the volume in lungs after MAX expiration and its about
1000ml
55
partial pressure of O2 in air
160
56
partial pressure of O2 in alveoli
105
57
partial pressure of CO2 in air
0.3
58
partial pressure of CO2 in alveoli
40
59
partial pressure of O2 in alveolar venous capillaries
40
60
partial pressure of CO2 in alveolar venous capillaries
46
61
partial pressure of O2 in systemic arteries
100
62
partial pressure of CO2 in systemic arteries
40
63
partial pressure of O2 in tissues
less than 40
64
partial pressure of CO2 in tissues
greater than 46
65
partial pressure of O2 in veins
40
66
partial pressure of CO2 in veins
46

AU2017 Physio Exam 3 (12 decks)

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