Lecture 1- Functions, Organization and Ventilation Flashcards
7 fxns of the respiratory system
provide O2
eliminate CO2
reg. blood pH
facilitate speech
defense against microbes
activate circulating hormones
eliminate blood clots
oxygen that gets used in the electron transport system is converted to…
water
airways include 3 different regions or zones, what are they?
- upper airway
- conducting zone
- respiratory zone
the upper airway is composed of these structures that are outside of the thoracic cavity:
- mouth/nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- top of trachea
the conducting zone is composed of these structures that are in the thoracic cavity but no gas exchange occurs:
- trachea
- primary bronchi
- secondary bronchi
- tertiary bronchioles
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
the respiratory zone is composed of these structures in which gaS exchange occurs
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
the trachea and bronchi include … rings and …. glands
cartilaginous
mucous
bronchioles lose … and … but add ….
cartilage
glands
smooth muscle
branching decreases …. to airflow
resistance
functions of the conducting zone (3)
branching to decrease resistance
warm and moisten air
microbial defense
function of the conducting zone can be impaired by …
cystic fibrosis
How the conducting zone protects against microbes:
… cells secrete mucus which can trap airborne particles and pathogens; then … on … cells move mucus upwards to pharynx where it can be swallowed or expelled
goblet
cilia
epithelial
Cystic fibrosis affects the … zone
conducting
CF is a mutation in the genetic code for …. channel
chloride
Since CF is a mutation of the chloride channel, it reduces the amount of … and … secreted across the epithelium into the mucus. This leads to there being less water in the mucus (due to …) resulting in mucus that is … and …
Cl
Na
osmosis
thick
dry
the alveoli is well sutied for optimizing gas exchange because it has a … SA, is highly…., surface is very… and bloodflow is …
high
vascularized
thin
slow
microbial defense in the respiratory zone is via…
macrophages
3 types of cells in the alveoli
type 1
type 2- surfactant
macrophages
alveolar sacs are …. in diameter
0.5 um
the distance between alveolus and capillary is …. um
0.2
respiratory gases are small …. molecules so they will diffuse down a “concentration” gradient
non-polar
O2 and CO2 diffuse at different rates due to different…
solubilities
the solubility of CO2 is
77 mmol/L
the solubility of O2 is
2.2 mmol/L
the inner wall of the pleural sac is called the
visceral pleura
the outer wall of the pleural sac is called the
parietal pleura
the intrpleural fluid filled sacs are about … thick
10-20 um
air flow is proportional to the …. and inversley proportional to the … to flow
pressure difference
resistance
F=
change in pressure/ resistance
the change in pressure is …. the pressure in the …. minus the pressure of the …
alveoli
atmosphere
P(alv) - P(atm)
atmospheric pressure is …
760 mmHg or 1 atm
if P(alv) is LESS than P(atm) then air will…
flow into the lung (inspiration)
If P(alv) is MORE than P(atm) then air will…
flow out of the lung (expiration)
Alveolar pressure changes in response to changing the … of the lungs according to … Law
volume
Boyle’s
What is the equation of Boyle’s Law?
P1V1=P2V2
important to remember that lungs are capable of … and …
stretching
recoiling
what are the 3 pressures that relate to ventilation
P(alv)- alveolar
P(ip)- intrapleural
P(tp) transpulmonary
P(tp) =
P(alv)- P(ip)
During inspiration, the diaphragm … which … floor of cavity and … volume
contracts
lowers
increases
During inspiration, the external intercostals …. which … the ribcage and … volume
contract
raises
increases
During expiration, the diaphragm … which … the floor of the cavity and …. volume
relaxes
raises
reduces
During expiration, the external intercostals … and the internal intercostals … which … the ribcage and … volume
relax
contract
lowers
reduces
between breaths when P(alv) and P(atm) is equal, the lungs remain expanded for this reason:
lungs tend to recoil … and chest wall tends to recoil … so the net result of this is that the P(ip) is always …
inward
outward
subatmospheric
the lungs can convert … to…
angiotensin I
angiotensin II
during inspiration, when diapragm contracts, Pip becomes more …. and then Ptp …. so lung volume …. and air flows in until Palv=Patm
negative
increases
increases
during expiration, diaphragm relaxes so Pip becomes less … and Ptp …. so lung volume …. and air flows out until Palv=Patm
negative
decreases
decreases
in a pneumothorax, there is no longer a pressure gradient so the lung will… and the chest wall will…
collapse
expand
