Lecture 1- Functions, Organization and Ventilation

Question 1

7 fxns of the respiratory system

Answer 1

provide O2

eliminate CO2

reg. blood pH

facilitate speech

defense against microbes

activate circulating hormones

eliminate blood clots

Question 2

oxygen that gets used in the electron transport system is converted to…

Answer 2

water

Question 3

airways include 3 different regions or zones, what are they?

Answer 3

1. upper airway
2. conducting zone
3. respiratory zone

Question 4

the upper airway is composed of these structures that are outside of the thoracic cavity:

Answer 4

1. mouth/nose
2. pharynx
3. larynx
4. top of trachea

Question 5

the conducting zone is composed of these structures that are in the thoracic cavity but no gas exchange occurs:

Answer 5

1. trachea
2. primary bronchi
3. secondary bronchi
4. tertiary bronchioles
5. bronchioles
6. terminal bronchioles

Question 6

the respiratory zone is composed of these structures in which gaS exchange occurs

Answer 6

1. respiratory bronchioles
2. alveolar ducts
3. alveolar sacs

Question 7

the trachea and bronchi include … rings and …. glands

Answer 7

cartilaginous

mucous

Question 8

bronchioles lose … and … but add ….

Answer 8

cartilage
glands

smooth muscle

Question 9

branching decreases …. to airflow

Answer 9

resistance

Question 10

functions of the conducting zone (3)

Answer 10

branching to decrease resistance

warm and moisten air

microbial defense

Question 11

function of the conducting zone can be impaired by …

Answer 11

cystic fibrosis

Question 12

How the conducting zone protects against microbes:
… cells secrete mucus which can trap airborne particles and pathogens; then … on … cells move mucus upwards to pharynx where it can be swallowed or expelled

Answer 12

goblet

cilia

epithelial

Question 13

Cystic fibrosis affects the … zone

Answer 13

conducting

Question 14

CF is a mutation in the genetic code for …. channel

Answer 14

chloride

Question 15

Since CF is a mutation of the chloride channel, it reduces the amount of … and … secreted across the epithelium into the mucus. This leads to there being less water in the mucus (due to …) resulting in mucus that is … and …

Answer 15

Cl
Na

osmosis

thick
dry

Question 16

the alveoli is well sutied for optimizing gas exchange because it has a … SA, is highly…., surface is very… and bloodflow is …

Answer 16

high
vascularized
thin
slow

Question 17

microbial defense in the respiratory zone is via…

Answer 17

macrophages

Question 18

3 types of cells in the alveoli

Answer 18

type 1

type 2- surfactant

macrophages

Question 19

alveolar sacs are …. in diameter

Answer 19

0.5 um

Question 20

the distance between alveolus and capillary is …. um

Answer 20

0.2

Question 21

respiratory gases are small …. molecules so they will diffuse down a “concentration” gradient

Answer 21

non-polar

Question 22

O2 and CO2 diffuse at different rates due to different…

Answer 22

solubilities

Question 23

the solubility of CO2 is

Answer 23

77 mmol/L

Question 24

the solubility of O2 is

Answer 24

2.2 mmol/L

Question 25

the inner wall of the pleural sac is called the

Answer 25

visceral pleura

Question 26

the outer wall of the pleural sac is called the

Answer 26

parietal pleura

Question 27

the intrpleural fluid filled sacs are about … thick

Answer 27

10-20 um

Question 28

air flow is proportional to the …. and inversley proportional to the … to flow

Answer 28

pressure difference

resistance

Question 29

F=

Answer 29

change in pressure/ resistance

Question 30

the change in pressure is …. the pressure in the …. minus the pressure of the …

Answer 30

alveoli

atmosphere

P(alv) - P(atm)

Question 31

atmospheric pressure is …

Answer 31

760 mmHg or 1 atm

Question 32

if P(alv) is LESS than P(atm) then air will…

Answer 32

flow into the lung (inspiration)

Question 33

If P(alv) is MORE than P(atm) then air will…

Answer 33

flow out of the lung (expiration)

Question 34

Alveolar pressure changes in response to changing the … of the lungs according to … Law

Answer 34

volume

Boyle’s

Question 35

What is the equation of Boyle’s Law?

Answer 35

P1V1=P2V2

Question 36

important to remember that lungs are capable of … and …

Answer 36

stretching

recoiling

Question 37

what are the 3 pressures that relate to ventilation

Answer 37

P(alv)- alveolar

P(ip)- intrapleural

P(tp) transpulmonary

Question 38

P(tp) =

Answer 38

P(alv)- P(ip)

Question 39

During inspiration, the diaphragm … which … floor of cavity and … volume

Answer 39

contracts

lowers

increases

Question 40

During inspiration, the external intercostals …. which … the ribcage and … volume

Answer 40

contract

raises

increases

Question 41

During expiration, the diaphragm … which … the floor of the cavity and …. volume

Answer 41

relaxes

raises

reduces

Question 42

During expiration, the external intercostals … and the internal intercostals … which … the ribcage and … volume

Answer 42

relax

contract

lowers

reduces

Question 43

between breaths when P(alv) and P(atm) is equal, the lungs remain expanded for this reason:

lungs tend to recoil … and chest wall tends to recoil … so the net result of this is that the P(ip) is always …

Answer 43

inward

outward

subatmospheric

Question 44

the lungs can convert … to…

Answer 44

angiotensin I

angiotensin II

Question 45

during inspiration, when diapragm contracts, Pip becomes more …. and then Ptp …. so lung volume …. and air flows in until Palv=Patm

Answer 45

negative

increases

increases

Question 46

during expiration, diaphragm relaxes so Pip becomes less … and Ptp …. so lung volume …. and air flows out until Palv=Patm

Answer 46

negative

decreases

decreases

Question 47

in a pneumothorax, there is no longer a pressure gradient so the lung will… and the chest wall will…

Answer 47

collapse

expand