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Pathology > Lecture 8 Disorders of Growth 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Disorders of Growth 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define neoplasm

A

Abnormal mass of tissue whos growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal tissues. Continues to excessively grow without the stimuli that envoked change.

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2
Q

Define tumour

A

Literally means swelling, but conventionally used as synonym for neoplasm.

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3
Q

Qualities of benign?

A

Lacks ability to invade or metastasize. Therefore not cancerous. Grows by expansion, displacing adjacent tissue.

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4
Q

Qualities of malignant?

A

Invades surrounding tissue, capable of producing metastases, may recur after removal -> death. Grows by infiltration of local tissues.

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5
Q

Malignant tumours can spread by

A

Local (direct invasion) or distant (metastasis)

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6
Q

Define carcinoma

A

Malignant tumour of epithelial tissue

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7
Q

Define sarcoma

A

Malignant tumour of stromal tissue

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8
Q

What are stromal tissues?

A

Connective tissue calls of any organ

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9
Q

Define metastasis 2 ways?

A

1) a secondary tumour 2) process by which secondary tumour is formed

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10
Q

What are the routes of metastasis?

A

Lymphatics, blood, transcoelomic, along epithelial lined spaces, within epithelium.

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11
Q

Explain how lymphatics are metastasis routes?

A

Tumour may directly invade lymphatics. Tumour emboli filtered out -> grow in lymph nodes.Typical of Epithelial malignancy.

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12
Q

Explain how blood is a metastasis route?

A

Tumour in vessels ->Filtered out by capillary beds (liver or lung). Typical of stromal malignancy and later stages of epithelial malignancy.

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13
Q

Define transcoelomic spread

A

Across body cavity

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14
Q

Where are transcoelomic spread tumours found?

A

Peritoneal or pleural

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15
Q

Where are epithelial lined spaces tumours found?

A

Bronchiolo - alveolar carcinoma of lung

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16
Q

Where are epithelial malignancies normally found?

A

Lymph nodes

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17
Q

Where are stromal malignancies and late stage epithelial malignancies found?

A

Capillary beds (liver and lung)

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18
Q

Give an example of when a metastasis occurs within epithelium cells

A

Paget’s disease of the nipple.

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19
Q

How they’re classified?

A

Naked eye appearance (site, conformation), histological, histogenesis, aetiological, functional.

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20
Q

What is histological?

A

What does the tissue resemble? How close is the resemblance?

21
Q

Define histogenesis?

A

Cell of origin

22
Q

What is aetiological

A

Inheritance v environmental

23
Q

What does the naming of neoplams (tumour terminology) depend on?

A

Site, behaviour, histogenesis.

24
Q

What does a benign tumour end in?

A

oma

25
Q

Define Polyp

A

Mass attached to a surface, may or may not be a neoplasm

26
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Neoplastic proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells -> spill into blood stream. MALIGNANT

27
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

Malignant proliferation of cells of lymphoid tissue. 2 types, Hodgkin’s disease or non-hodgkin’s lymphoma.

28
Q

What is hodgkin’s disease?

A

Lymphoma, mix of cells including Reed-Sternberg cells

29
Q

What is non-hodgkin’s disease?

A

Lymphoma. Lacks cellular mixture.

30
Q

Teratoma?

A

Arises from totipotential cells, producing tissues prepresenting all three germ cell layers

31
Q

Teratoma in ovary is usually?

A

Benign. (struma ovarii) AND (Ovarian teratoma with teeth/skin/adnexae)

32
Q

Teratoma in testes is usually?

A

Malignant

33
Q

Teratoma in midline is usually?

A

Sequestered primitive cells

34
Q

Define totipotential cells?

A

Potential to give rise to any and all human cells (for example one celled fertilised egg).

35
Q

What is a premalignant condition?

A

Lesions with an ^ risk of developing an invasive tumour

36
Q

Give 4 non-neoplastic examples of premalignant conditions?

A

Chronic inflammation, cirrhosis of liver, chronic ulcerative colitis and xeroderma pigmentosum

37
Q

Give example of how chronic inflammation can cause cancer?

A

Varicose leg ulcers can lead to skin cancer

38
Q

Give example of how chronic ulcerative colitis can lead to cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma of large intestine

39
Q

Give 2 neoplastic examples of premalignant conditions?

A

Familial polyposis coli and intra-epithelial neoplasia

40
Q

What is familial polyposis coli?

A

Autosomal dominant, 1000s of large intestinal adenomas -> Carcinoma inevitable

41
Q

What is intra-epithelial neoplasia?

A

Nuclear changes of carcinoma, without breaching basement membrane - “dysplasia” or “carcinoma in situ”. Uterine cervix, vulva, bronchus.

42
Q

What is tumour grading? (Only for malignant tumours)

A

How bad it looks. Assesses the degree of differentiation of a tumour. Correlates with how aggressive tumour behaves. Usually 3 or 4 grades.

43
Q

Problems with grading?

A

Subjective. Appearances vary from area to area. Different criteria needed for each histogenesis

44
Q

What is tumour staging?

A

How far its got (stage it’s at). Based on TNM 1) T- Size of tumour (T1-T4) 2) N - lymph node involvement (N0-N3) 3) M- distant metastasis (M0 to M1)

45
Q

Which has the better prediction of outcome, Grading or Staging?

A

Staging

46
Q

What are the effects of tumours?

A

1) displacement or destruction of normal structures 2) excess normal function 3) Paraneoplastic phenomena

47
Q

What are the effects of benign tumours?

A

Mechanical pressure, obstruction, ulceration, infarction of pedunculated tumour, infection, rupture of cystic neoplasm, hormone production, malignant change.

48
Q

What are the effects of malignant tumours?

A

Tissue destruction, haemorrage, secondary infection, cachexia, pain, anaemia, paraneoplasic syndromes

49
Q

Define paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

Side effects of cancer (that come with cancer) that are not due to cancer cells?

Pathology (25 decks)

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