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Pathology > Lecture 2 Injuries to cells > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Injuries to cells Flashcards

1
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells.

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2
Q

Physiological example of hyperplasia?

A

Menstrual cycle

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3
Q

Pathological example of hyperplasia?

A

Endometrial hyperplasia if hormone stimulus persists

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4
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

Increase in the size of cells

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5
Q

Physiological example of hypertrophy?

A

Body builders

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6
Q

Pathological example of hypertrophy?

A

Heart in hypertension

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7
Q

Define Mataplasia

A

When one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell trype

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8
Q

Example of metaplasia?

A

Chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux

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9
Q

Define atrophy

A

Shrinkage of cell size by loss of substance

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10
Q

Why atrophy happens?

A

↓ workload. ↓blood supply. Inadequate nutrition. ↓hormone stimulation. Ageing.

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11
Q

Morphology of reversible cellular injury?

A

Cellular swelling and fatty change.

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12
Q

Define necrosis

A

Damage to membrane allowing enzymes to digest cell.

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13
Q

Necrosis pathological or physiological

A

Always pathological

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14
Q

4 types of necrosis

A

Coagulation, liquefactive, caseous, fat.

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15
Q

Define apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death pathway. Both pathological and physiological.

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16
Q

How does apoptosis occur?

A

Cells activate enzymes that degrade cells own DNA and proteins -> death/deprived growth factors. Membrane remains intact, no leaks, phagocytosis removes bits of cell.

17
Q

Physiological or pathological apoptosis? Embryogenesis

A

Physiological

18
Q

Physiological or pathological apoptosis? Involution of hormone dependent tissues when deprived of hormone.

A

Physiological

19
Q

Physiological or pathological apoptosis? Elimination of cells who have served their purpose.

A

Physiological

20
Q

Physiological or pathological apoptosis? Killing ?harmful cells

A

Physiological

21
Q

Physiological or pathological apoptosis? DNA damage

A

Pathological

22
Q

Physiological or pathological apoptosis? Accumulation of misfolded proteins

A

Pathological

23
Q

Physiological or pathological apoptosis? Atrophy in parenchymal organs after duct obstruction.

A

Pathological

24
Q

Physiological or pathological apoptosis? Cell death induced by cytotoxic T cells

A

Pathological

25
Q

Apoptosis results from the activation of

A

Caspases

26
Q

Mitochondrial pathway…

A

Intrinsic pathway

27
Q

Fas (death) receptor pathway…

A

Extrinsic pathway

28
Q

Cell injury by ATP depletion

A

Occurs from: ↓oxygen and nutrient supply, mitochondrial damage, poisons. Effects: ATP dependent Na2+ pumps, ^lactic acid, Xcalcium pumps& protein damage.

29
Q

Mitochondrial damage

A

Occurs from: hypoxia, chemical poisons, radiations. Effects: Fail to produce ATP & free radicals

30
Q

Influx of Ca2+

A

Occurs from: ischaemia & poisons. Effects: ^intracellular Ca2+ -> enzyme activation -> damage to cellular components. APOPTOSIS.

31
Q

Oxidative stress

A

Occurs from: ^free radicals. Removed by antioxidants. Effects: damage proteins, fat, DNA & create more of themselves.

32
Q

DNA protein damage

A

Occurs from: radiation injury/oxidative stress. APOPTOSIS.

33
Q

Defects in membrane permeability

A

Effects: ↓phospholipid synthesis (↓ATP). O2 free radicals and lipid breakdown. NECROSIS

34
Q

Intracellular accumulation of abnormal material examples

A

Fat in hepatocytes (liver cells) from alcohol use. Cholesterol in SM in atherosclerosis. Protein in alzheimer’s and parkinson’s disease.

35
Q

Damage to genes controlling DNA repair ->

A

susceptible to further change

36
Q

Neoplastic

A

New growth

Pathology (25 decks)

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