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Pathology > Lecture 15 Endocrine system > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What links the CNS to the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus

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2
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland release?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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3
Q

What does the anterior pituitary release?

A

Growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Prolactin

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4
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Adreno-corticotrophic hormone (stimulates production & release of cortisol)

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5
Q

What causes hyperpituitarism?

A

Adenoma (most common an anterior lobe) (prolactinoma)

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6
Q

Types of pituitary adenoma?

A

Macrodenomas (>1cm), Microadenomas (

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7
Q

What syndrome can ACTH cause?

A

Cushing’s disease

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8
Q

What syndrome can growth hormone cause?

A

Gigantism (children) and acromegaly (adults)

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9
Q

What syndrome can prolactin cause?

A

Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, sexual gysfunction and infertility

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10
Q

What syndrome can TSH cause?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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11
Q

What syndrome can FSH and LH cause?

A

Hypogonadism, mass effects/hypopituitarism

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12
Q

What is hypopituitarism?

A

When 75% or more of the anterior pituitary parenchyma is lost

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13
Q

What causes hypopituitarism?

A

Sheehan’s syndrome (ischemic necrosis). Non-functioning adenomas, surgery/irradiation, inflam lesions.

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14
Q

What is the optic chasm?

A

Part of the brain where optic nerves (CNII) partially cross

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15
Q

In regards to thyroid, what does the hypothalamus release?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) -> anterior pituitary -> TSH

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16
Q

What are the thyroid hormones?

A

T3 and T4

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17
Q

What do thyroid hormones do?

A

^metabolism, growth, development and ^ catecholamine effect (dopamine)

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18
Q

What causes hyperthyroidism?

A

Too much thyroxine (T4), De Quervain’s thyroiditis, toxic multimode goiter, graves disease.

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19
Q

Define goiter

A

enlarged thyroid gland (swollen neck)

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20
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

Autoimmune disease, same effect as TSH -> unregulated overproduction of thyroid hormones. (no TSH = no neg feedback)

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21
Q

What are the main symptoms of graves disease?

A

Heat intolerance, blushing, tachy, ^SBP, tremors, local oedema, diarrhea, finger clubbing, weight loss, muscle wasting.

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22
Q

Hyperthyroid treatment?

A

Carbimazole or thyroidectomy

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23
Q

What causes hypothyroidism?

A

Iodine deficiency, hashimoto’s thyroiditis

24
Q

What is hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

Chronic inflam -> thyroid failure. Autoimmune.

25
Q

Who is hashimoto’s thyroiditis most common to?

A

Women. 45-60.

26
Q

Hypothyroidism treatment?

A

Thyroxine

27
Q

What is a papillary thyroid carcinoma?

A

a non-functional tumour

28
Q

What do the parathyroid glands do?

A

regulate blood calcium levels.

29
Q

What are the causes of hypoparathryroidism?

A

Thyroidectomy, congenital, hereditary (autoimmune)

30
Q

What are the symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Low calcium so irritability, seizures, tetany.

31
Q

What causes primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Adenoma

32
Q

What causes secondary hyperthyroidism?

A

Chronic renal failure

33
Q

What causes tertiary hyperthyroidism?

A

Post renal transplant

34
Q

How do parathyroid glands increase blood Ca2+?

A

Ca2+ reabsorption from bones, intestines and kidneys. Vit D hydroxylation in kidneys

35
Q

What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia?

A

Seizures, constipation, depression, polyuria, muscle wasting, bone # and kidney stones

36
Q

Process of adrenal cortex being stimulated?

A

Hypothalamus -> CRH -> Pituitary -> ACTH -> Adrenal cortex

37
Q

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex called and function?

A

Zona Reticularis (sex hormones) Zona Fasciculata (Cortisol - glucocorticoids) and Zona Glomerulosa (Aldosterone - mineralocort)

38
Q

What does the middle of the adrenal cortex release?

A

Catecholamines

adrenaline/noradrenaline

39
Q

What is the middle of the adrenal cortex called?

A

Adrenal medulla

40
Q

What causes hyperaldosteronism?

A

Primary - Conn’s disease in >50%

Secondary - ^renin

41
Q

Symptoms of Conn’s disease

A

Oedema, low K+, ^ Na+ and hypertension

42
Q

What does renin do?

A

promotes protein angiotensin production

43
Q

What does angiotensin do?

A

^ aldosterone secretion and ^BP

44
Q

When/why is cortisol release?

A

When stressed, ^ glucose in blood.

45
Q

Why would someone get Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Excess release of cortisol

46
Q

What causes Cushing’s syndrome?

A

ACTH releasing tumour and steroids.

47
Q

What are the common symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Moon face, baffalo hump, osteoporosis, obesity, abdominal striae, weak muscles, thin skin and skin ulcers (poor healing)

48
Q

What is addison’s disease?

A

Adrenal insufficiency

49
Q

What causes addison’s disease?

A

Autoimmune, infection, neoplasms.

50
Q

What are the symptoms of addison’s disease?

A

Diarrhoea, N/V, anorexia, weight loss, low Na+ (all due to low aldosterone). Hyperpigmentation&K+

51
Q

What are gonadocorticoids?

A

Sex hormones (testosterone, oestrogens) secreted from gonads

52
Q

What does adrenaline and noradrenaline control?

A

HR, BP & metabolism

53
Q

What is phaeochromocytoma?

A

tumour of adrenal gland -> ^ adrenaline and noradrenaline

54
Q

Symptoms of phaeochromocytoma?

A

Hypertension, sweating, palpitations, nervousness, ^metabolic rate, rapid HR

55
Q

What is multipleendocrine neoplasia (MEN)

A

Group of inherited diseases resulting in proliferative of lesions of multiple multiple endocrine organs)

Pathology (25 decks)

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