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Pathology > Lecture 17 Female genital tract > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Female genital tract Flashcards

1
Q

Define post-coital

A

During or post sex

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2
Q

Define post-coital

A

During or post sex

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3
Q

What is a smear test?

A

Cervical screening, view cervix and take samples. Every 3 years from 25-49yo, 5 years from 49-64yo. After 64 only screen if never screened. Done in GP.

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4
Q

Define colposcopy

A

procedure to closely examine cervix

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5
Q

How is the human papilloma virus transmitted?

A

Sexual contact. Increase risk with increased sexual partners

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6
Q

HPV is thought to be the main cause of?

A

CIN (cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia) thus cancer.

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7
Q

What can HPV cause?

A

warts/verrucas (low risk) or cervical cancer (high risk)

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8
Q

Who gets the HPV vaccination and why?

A

girls aged 12-13, offering protection against infection strains associated with 70% of cervical cancers

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9
Q

Define CIN (cervical intra-epithelial neoplasm)

A

Microscopic lesion that affects the cervix that could potentially develop into cervical cancer if left untreated

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10
Q

What are the risk factors for cervical carcinoma?

A

HPV, smoking, nonattendance to CSP.

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of cervical carcinoma?

A

Abnormal discharge and bleeding

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12
Q

On examination how does the cervix look with cervical carcinoma?

A

Normal

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13
Q

What does the treatment of cervical ccarcinoma depend on?

A

Stage, local excision or radical hysterectomy +/- chemo

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14
Q

what are the 5 year survival rates for Ia stages of cervical carcinoma?

A

95-99%

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15
Q

What are the 5 year survival rates for late stages of cervical carcinoma?

A
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16
Q

What are endocervical polyps? What are symptoms and treatment?

A

Benign lesions, irregular vaginal bleeding ‘spotting’. Can be removed at hysteroscopy.

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17
Q

Define menorrhagia

A

Heavy periods >80ml blood loss. Very common 1 in 20 consult gp a year, costs £7 million in prescriptions.

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18
Q

What can cause menorrhagia?

A

DUB (50%), fibroids, endometriosis, polyps.

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19
Q

What are the treatments for menorrhagia?

A

Mirena coil, mefanamic and tranexamic acid, COCP, Depo provera, endometrial ablation, hysterectomy

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20
Q

What is tranexamic acid used for?

A

Prevent excessive blood loss from trauma

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21
Q

What is another word for fibroids? What is it?

A

Leiomyomas. Common benign tumours of muscular fibrosis tissues.

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22
Q

What problem can have the symptoms heavy, painful periods, pelvic pain, distension

A

Fibroids

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23
Q

What condition can be asymptomatic and a major cause for infertility? / what could symptoms be?

A

Endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease.

Abnormal discharge, pain or bleeding

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24
Q

Define endometriosis?

A

Endometrial tissue in the wrong location. Common benign condition.

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of endometriosis?

A

Heavy/painful periods, pelvic pain, painful sex.

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26
Q

What are the treatment options for endometriosis?

A

COCP, Mirena, Zoladex , surgery

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27
Q

What is Zoladex?

A

Man made hormone, overstimulates body’s own hormone production -> Xproduction temp

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28
Q

What is endometrial cancer?

A

Cancer of the lining of the uterus

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29
Q

Symptoms of endometrial cancer?

A

Bleeding post-menopause so detected early.

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30
Q

Risk factors for endometrial cancer?

A

Nulliparity, high BMI, HRT, late menopause, oestrogen exposure.

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31
Q

How is endometrial cancer diagonsed?

A

Biopsy - pipelle (deviced used) othysteroscopy

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32
Q

Endometrial cancer treatment and survival rate?

A

TAH, BSO. Overall 20 year survival rate 80%

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33
Q

What is TAH?

A

Total abdo histerectomy

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34
Q

What is BSO?

A

Bilateral Salpingo oophonectomy (removal of women’s entire reproductive tract)

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35
Q

Notes on follicular cysts?

A

Benign, very common, less than 6cm, often asymptomatic - no treatment needed

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36
Q

Notes on cystadenomas

A

Can be large fluid filled cysts, symptoms caused by pressure effect

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37
Q

Notes on benign mature Teratomas

A

Large cysts filled with solid substances

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38
Q

Polycystic ovarian syndrome. Symptoms, treatments, complications

A

Common, major cause of infertility. irregularbleeds, no periods, infertility. COCP, metformin, clomifene. ^CV & T2DM risks

39
Q

Benign ovarian tumours normally occur at what age?

A

20-45

40
Q

Malignant ovarian tumours normally occur at what age?

A

> 45

41
Q

Ovarian cancer notes

A

Often asymptomatic, present late when already spread. Poorer prognosis than endometrial cancer

42
Q

What is a miscarriage?

A

Loss of pregnancy before 24 weeks, 15% of pregnancies, often no cause.

43
Q

Classifications of miscarriages?

A

Threatened, inevitable, incomplete and missed

44
Q

Risk factors of pregnancies?

A

^ age, multiple pregnancies, smoking, alcohol, connective tissue disorders and diabetes

45
Q

Treatment options for miscarriages?

A

Conservative, misoprostol, vaccum suction under GA

46
Q

Notes on ectopic pregnancies

A

Usually fallopian tube, 1% of pregnancies, can occur before period missed, ?emergency as rupture of pregnancy has ^mortality.

47
Q

What levels are raised with ectopic pregnancies?

A

Beta-HCG levels on blood testing

48
Q

What are the risk factors for ectopic pregnancies?

A

PID, coil, IVF, previous ecctopic or pelvic surgery

49
Q

What is a smear test?

A

Cervical screening, view cervix and take samples. Every 3 years from 25-49yo, 5 years from 49-64yo. After 64 only screen if never screened. Done in GP.

50
Q

Define colposcopy

A

procedure to closely examine cervix

51
Q

How is the human papilloma virus transmitted?

A

Sexual contact. Increase risk with increased sexual partners

52
Q

HPV is thought to be the main cause of?

A

CIN (cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia) thus cancer.

53
Q

What can HPV cause?

A

warts/verrucas (low risk) or cervical cancer (high risk)

54
Q

Who gets the HPV vaccination and why?

A

girls aged 12-13, offering protection against infection strains associated with 70% of cervical cancers

55
Q

Define CIN (cervical intra-epithelial neoplasm)

A

Microscopic lesion that affects the cervix that could potentially develop into cervical cancer if left untreated

56
Q

What are the risk factors for cervical carcinoma?

A

HPV, smoking, nonattendance to CSP.

57
Q

What are the symptoms of cervical carcinoma?

A

Abnormal discharge and bleeding

58
Q

On examination how does the cervix look with cervical carcinoma?

A

Normal

59
Q

What does the treatment of cervical ccarcinoma depend on?

A

Stage, local excision or radical hysterectomy +/- chemo

60
Q

what are the 5 year survival rates for Ia stages of cervical carcinoma?

A

95-99%

61
Q

What are the 5 year survival rates for late stages of cervical carcinoma?

A

less than 20%

62
Q

What are endocervical polyps? What are symptoms and treatment?

A

Benign lesions, irregular vaginal bleeding ‘spotting’. Can be removed at hysteroscopy.

63
Q

Define menorrhagia

A

Heavy periods >80ml blood loss. Very common 1 in 20 consult gp a year, costs £7 million in prescriptions.

64
Q

What can cause menorrhagia?

A

DUB (50%), fibroids, endometriosis, polyps.

65
Q

What are the treatments for menorrhagia?

A

Mirena coil, mefanamic and tranexamic acid, COCP, Depo provera, endometrial ablation, hysterectomy

66
Q

What is tranexamic acid used for?

A

Prevent excessive blood loss from trauma

67
Q

What is another word for fibroids? What is it?

A

Leiomyomas. Common benign tumours of muscular fibrosis tissues.

68
Q

What problem can have the symptoms heavy, painful periods, pelvic pain, distension

A

Fibroids

69
Q

What condition can be asymptomatic and a major cause for infertility? / what could symptoms be?

A

Endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease.

Abnormal discharge, pain or bleeding

70
Q

Define endometriosis?

A

Endometrial tissue in the wrong location. Common benign condition.

71
Q

What are the symptoms of endometriosis?

A

Heavy/painful periods, pelvic pain, painful sex.

72
Q

What are the treatment options for endometriosis?

A

COCP, Mirena, Zoladex , surgery

73
Q

What is Zoladex?

A

Man made hormone, overstimulates body’s own hormone production -> Xproduction temp

74
Q

What is endometrial cancer?

A

Cancer of the lining of the uterus

75
Q

Symptoms of endometrial cancer?

A

Bleeding post-menopause so detected early.

76
Q

Risk factors for endometrial cancer?

A

Nulliparity, high BMI, HRT, late menopause, oestrogen exposure.

77
Q

How is endometrial cancer diagonsed?

A

Biopsy - pipelle (deviced used) othysteroscopy

78
Q

Endometrial cancer treatment and survival rate?

A

TAH, BSO. Overall 20 year survival rate 80%

79
Q

What is TAH?

A

Total abdo histerectomy

80
Q

What is BSO?

A

Bilateral Salpingo oophonectomy (removal of women’s entire reproductive tract)

81
Q

Notes on follicular cysts?

A

Benign, very common, less than 6cm, often asymptomatic - no treatment needed

82
Q

Notes on cystadenomas

A

Can be large fluid filled cysts, symptoms caused by pressure effect

83
Q

Notes on benign mature Teratomas

A

Large cysts filled with solid substances

84
Q

Polycystic ovarian syndrome. Symptoms, treatments, complications

A

Common, major cause of infertility. irregularbleeds, no periods, infertility. COCP, metformin, clomifene. ^CV & T2DM risks

85
Q

Benign ovarian tumours normally occur at what age?

A

20-45

86
Q

Malignant ovarian tumours normally occur at what age?

A

> 45

87
Q

Ovarian cancer notes

A

Often asymptomatic, present late when already spread. Poorer prognosis than endometrial cancer

88
Q

What is a miscarriage?

A

Loss of pregnancy before 24 weeks, 15% of pregnancies, often no cause.

89
Q

Classifications of miscarriages?

A

Threatened, inevitable, incomplete and missed

90
Q

Risk factors of pregnancies?

A

^ age, multiple pregnancies, smoking, alcohol, connective tissue disorders and diabetes

91
Q

Treatment options for miscarriages?

A

Conservative, misoprostol, vaccum suction under GA

92
Q

Notes on ectopic pregnancies

A

Usually fallopian tube, 1% of pregnancies, can occur before period missed, ?emergency as rupture of pregnancy has ^mortality.

93
Q

What levels are raised with ectopic pregnancies?

A

Beta-HCG levels on blood testing

94
Q

What are the risk factors for ectopic pregnancies?

A

PID, coil, IVF, previous ecctopic or pelvic surgery

Pathology (25 decks)

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