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Pathology > Lecture 19 Musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

Lecture 19 Musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the axial areas?

A

Skull, ribs and vertebral comumn

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2
Q

Is not axial what are bones?

A

Appendicular

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3
Q

What are the parts of a long bone?

A

Epiphysis, diaphysis, Epiphysis.

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4
Q

What is the outside of a bone called?

A

Periosteum

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5
Q

What is the pathology of osteroporotic bone?

A

Thin weak compact(outside) bone and thin broken spongy(inside) bone

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6
Q

What is a bone healing pathway?

A

After fracture ->haematoma-> fills fracture gap/ provides fibrin meshwork-> granulation tissue-> Inflam cells release cytokines to activate oseob&c -> callous (1 week)

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7
Q

How long until repair tissue reaches maximum girth?

A

2-3 weeks

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8
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Decrease in bone mass and density -> #. Very common. 3 million ppl in UK

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9
Q

What decreases bone mass and density?

A

^ in bone resorption and decrease in bone production

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10
Q

What causes osteoporosis?

A

Hormone influences (lack of oestrogen), Ca2+ metabolism and Vit D deficiency

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11
Q

What is used to treat osteoporosis?

A

Alendronic acid - bisphosphonate that prevents osteoclast activity

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12
Q

Where does osteoarthritis occur?

A

usually weight bearing joints

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13
Q

Risk factors for osteoarthritis?

A

Age, female, menopause, obesitiy, preexisting joint deformity, excess mechanical stress, genetic, hypermobility.

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14
Q

Osteoarthritis pathogenesis?

A

Wear and tear. Breakdown of articular cartilage -> underlying bone exposed -> cartilage fragements can fall into joint -> Osterophytes

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15
Q

Pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Inflam in synovium, membranes thicken, chronic inflam->cartilage and joint destruction.

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16
Q

What is the HLA (human leukocyte antigen) linked to?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

17
Q

What are the features of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Small joints hands and feet, pain, swelling, fever, fatigue, stiff without prior activity.

18
Q

To be diagnosed with RA need to have 4 from below…

A

Morning stiness >1hour. Arthritis in 3 or more joints, in hand joints, symmetric arthritis, rheumatoid nodules, serum rheumatoid factor, radiographic changes

19
Q

What are crystal arthropathies? And the two types?

A

Intra-articular crystal formation. Gout and pseudogout

20
Q

What causes gout?

A

Raised uric acid from purine bases break down.

21
Q

What is gout?

A

Urate deposited as crystals in the joints

22
Q

Risk factors of gout?

A

Aspirin, diuretics, alcohol, renal disease, hypothyroidism, dehydration. (affect kidney)

23
Q

What are the features of gout?

A

sudden onset excruciating burning joint pain (big toe). Redness, warmth, tenderness, stiffness, subsequent attacks less severe.

24
Q

What is pseudogout?

A

Precipitation of ca2+ pyrophosphate crystals in connective tissues. Usually in knees and ankles

25
Q

What is “crystal shedding”

A

When crystals in cartilage enlarge and rupture into joint cavity or soft tissues

26
Q

What causes pseudogout?

A

Hereditary, associated with osteoarthritis, trauma, surgery or inceasing age.

27
Q

What is septic arthritis?

A

Inflam of joint caused by infection. (Knee).

28
Q

Symptoms of septic arthritis?

A

Severe pain, swlling, redness, heat. Develop over a few hours or days. Sometimes high temp.

29
Q

Treatments for septic arthritis?

A

IV antibiotics, washout of joint, may cause sepsis!

30
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

bone infection caused by bacteria. Trauma, surgery and presence of foreign bodies. Spread by haematogenous and diabetes ^ risk

31
Q

What is the commonest bone tumour?

A

Metastatic disease from distant cancer (prostate, kidney, breast).

32
Q

What is striated muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle, voluntary movement

33
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary actions, ANS controlled.

34
Q

Define leiomyomas

A

Benign smooth muscles neoplasm. Most common in uterus, small bowel and esophagus.

Pathology (25 decks)

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