Lecture 8: Behavioural Attribution And Social Structure Flashcards
1
Q
Attribution theory
A
- Focuses on how people make judgements about own and others behaviours
1a. Internal/dispositional: someone does smth bc thats who they are
1b. External/situational: someone does smth bc of outside factors
2
Q
Kelleys covariation model:
A
- people assess behaviour of others by:
1a. Consensus: if others engage in same behaviour =situational
1b. Distinctiveness: if individual does smth unusual for them (new behaviour?)=situational
1c. If individual does smth consistently=disposition - Attribution types
2a. Dispositional: consensus low, distinctiveness low, consistency high
2b. Situational: consensus high, distinctiveness high, consistency low
3
Q
Attribution biases
A
- Fundamental attribution error: thinking other peoples behaviours are all internal
- Actor observer bias: we think our own behaviour is situational and others behaviours are dispositional
- Group attribution error: people assume that attributes of an individual in a group apply to everyone in the group OR people conclude that a groups decision reflects the attitudes of all members of the group
- Hostile attribution bias: when people assume other peoples behaviours are hostile to them even when they’re harmless
4
Q
Self serving bias
A
- Say we succeed because of ourselves and fail because of external circumstances
5
Q
False consensus bias
A
- Peoples tendency to believe that their beliefs are common and appropriate
1a. Thinking everyone shares your beliefs
6
Q
Prejudice
A
- Attitude about a person or group not based on experience
- Can be positive or negative and directed at anyone
7
Q
Discrimination
A
- Actions related to prejudice (behaviours)
8
Q
Stereotypes
A
- Broadly held beliefs that people who belong in a given group have a particular characteristic
- Self fulfilling prophecy: when people act in a way that matches stereotypes related to them which enforces the stereotype
2a. Stereotype threat: stereotype negatively affects a persons performance
2b. Stereotype boost: when a stereotype positively influences performance
9
Q
Stigma
A
- Strong disapproval of a person based on traits that make them unique
1a. Self stigma when its internalized
10
Q
Ethnocentrism
A
- When one analyzes a different culture through the lens of their own
- Caused by in group favouritism
11
Q
Cultural relativism
A
- When one views another culture from the perspective of people within that culture
- Non judgemental
12
Q
Microsociology vs macrosociology
A
- Microsociology: small-scale, face-to-face interactions between people
- Macrosociology: large scale social structures
13
Q
Macrosociology: functionalism
A
- Functionalism/ structural functionalism: theory that views society as a massive structure with parts that work together to keep it functionally stable
14
Q
Macrosociology: conflict theory
A
- Conflict theory: says society changes over time due to conflicts between groups
1a. Role conflict: 2 seperate roles =conflict
1b. Social strain: stress from same social role
15
Q
Macrosociology: social constructivism
A
- Social constructionism: some facts beget their meaning from physical reality
1a. Weak social constructionism: says there are brute facts which are pieces of knowledge that dont rely on other facts
1b. Strong social constructionism: says all knowledge is socially constructed
16
Q
Microsociology: symbolic interactionist
A
- Focuses on one on one interactions between people and on the symbols they use to do so
17
Q
Microsociology: exchange-rational choice
A
- Rational choice theory: people run logic cost-benefit for each action they take
- Social exchange theory: people interact with others in a way to maximize benefits and reduce costs
18
Q
Macrosociology: feminist theory
A
- Focuses on gender interactions w society and wants to achieve social and political equality
19
Q
Social institutions: education
A
- Hidden curriculum: all things we learn in school that aren’t explicitly taught
- Educational segregation: separation of education
- Educational stratification: categorization of students in group
20
Q
Social institutions: education
A
- Hidden curriculum: all things we learn in school that aren’t explicitly taught
- Educational segregation: separation of education
- Educational stratification: categorization of students in group
21
Q
Secularization
A
- Becoming less religious
22
Q
Governments
A
- Anarchy: no one has power
- Autocracy (monarchy and dictatorship): one person has power
- Oligarchy: few people have power
- Democracy: everyone has power
23
Q
Economy
A
- Capitalism: private ownership
- Socialism: social ownership
- Communism: establishes collective ownership to all properties
24
Q
Medicalization
A
- When life shifts from general problems to medical problems
- Recategorizing a medical condition to something that needs treatment: drinking -> alcoholism
25
Q
2 categories of culture
A
- Material culture: objects serve human interests
- Symbolic culture: made up of beliefs, rituals, symbols etc
26
Q
Culture diffusion/lag/shock/assimilation
A
- Cultural diffusion: when elements of one culture from one society are transferred from one group to another (cultural transmission is the actual process)
- Culture lag: when symbolic culture fails to keep up with material culture
- Culture shock: when a person is exposed to a different culture of their own and that causes shock
- Assimilation: when minority become like the majority culture
27
Q
Counterculture
A
- When a subculture has a conflict with the dominant culture
28
Q
Life course theory
A
- Approach to studying people’s entire lives and their environment by collecting data about them from birth onward
- These theorists popularized a cohort/generation (ex: gen Z)
- Life course approach: Says early life events influences an individuals later life outcomes
29
Q
Theories of aging
A
- Disengagement theory: older people experience physical and social loss later in life which causes them to withdraw from society
- Activity theory: argues disengagement from society is unnecessary and harmful…old people need social involvement
- Continuity theory: states older people tend to keep up activities they were a part of earlier in life such as social circles
- Modernalization theory: modernization is inevitable so old people are at risk of being left behind due to change
- Age stratification theory: society puts pressure on people to behave a certain age depending on how old they are
30
Q
Gender segregation
A
- Tendency of children to separate into same sex peer groups around 3 years old
- Also how people who work in female dominated fields often recieve lower pay
31
Q
Race vs ethnicity
A
- Race: soft people into groups based on physical appearance or social characteristics
- Ethnicity: traditions, language, religion etc.
32
Q
Racialization:
A
happens when racial identities are ascribed to people in a given group
33
Q
Racial formation
A
- Says race is socially constructed
34
Q
Immigration
A
- Push factors: push people from one country to another
- Pull factors: pull people to a country
35
Q
Malthusian theory
A
- Assumes out ability to grow food for the population is linear and populations naturally flow a pattern of exponential growth
- Is challenged via demographic transition model
36
Q
Demographic transition model
A
- Stage 1: birth and morality high =no pop growth
- Stage 2: morality falls, birth high bc pop health improves
- Stage 3: morality remains low, birth fall
- Stage 4: morality and birth low: pop growth slows
- Stage 5: not sure yet
37
Q
Population terms
A
- Crude birth rate/natality: number of children born/year/thousand ppl
- Mortality /death rate: number of people that die /year/thousand ppl
- Total fertility rate (TFR): avg number of kids a woman has in lifetime
38
Q
Types of Social movements
A
- Alternative social movement: Change aspect of individual
- Redemptive social movement: change whole individual
- Reformative social movement: change aspect of society
- Revolutionary social movement: change whole society
39
Q
Theories to explain social movement:
A
- Relative deprivation theory: ppl join social movements vs they feel worse off than people they are exposed to and by joining it’ll make their lives better
- Resources mobilization theory: ppl join social movement and effect change because they have resources and motivation to do so
- Political process theory: 3 things necessary for social movements to form are insurgent consciousness, organizational strength and political opportunities
- New social movement theory: economic transition that many developed countries have gone through away from manufacturing and towards service has caused social movements and that these movements are different than movements before them
40
Q
Globalization
A
- Integration of smaller groups of people into worldwide network of ideas
41
Q
World systems theory
A
- Breaks world into 3 nations:
1a. Core nations: economically, technologically and ,militarily powerful
1b. Semi periphery nations: between
1c. Periphery nations: opposite from core - Argues core nations such recourses out of periphery ones
42
Q
Dependancy theory
A
- Argues core nations such recourses out of periphery ones so there are no benefits to periphery nations
43
Q
Urbanization
A
- When people move from rural areas to cities
1a. Urban decline: ppl leave cities
1b. Urban renewal: ppl moving back into city centres - Suburbanization: migration of people from cities to suburbs
44
Q
Gentrification
A
- Process of uranium land people improved and new residents moving in
45
Q
Social strain theory:
A
pressure from the environment increases crime
46
Q
Differential association theory
A
- People learn crimes by watching others around them
47
Q
Social role conflict
A
- Demands of 2 social roles a person has
