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aprep101: psychology > Lecture 8: Behavioural Attribution And Social Structure > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Behavioural Attribution And Social Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Attribution theory

A
  1. Focuses on how people make judgements about own and others behaviours
    1a. Internal/dispositional: someone does smth bc thats who they are
    1b. External/situational: someone does smth bc of outside factors
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2
Q

Kelleys covariation model:

A
  1. people assess behaviour of others by:
    1a. Consensus: if others engage in same behaviour =situational
    1b. Distinctiveness: if individual does smth unusual for them (new behaviour?)=situational
    1c. If individual does smth consistently=disposition
  2. Attribution types
    2a. Dispositional: consensus low, distinctiveness low, consistency high
    2b. Situational: consensus high, distinctiveness high, consistency low
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3
Q

Attribution biases

A
  1. Fundamental attribution error: thinking other peoples behaviours are all internal
  2. Actor observer bias: we think our own behaviour is situational and others behaviours are dispositional
  3. Group attribution error: people assume that attributes of an individual in a group apply to everyone in the group OR people conclude that a groups decision reflects the attitudes of all members of the group
  4. Hostile attribution bias: when people assume other peoples behaviours are hostile to them even when they’re harmless
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4
Q

Self serving bias

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  1. Say we succeed because of ourselves and fail because of external circumstances
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5
Q

False consensus bias

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  1. Peoples tendency to believe that their beliefs are common and appropriate
    1a. Thinking everyone shares your beliefs
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6
Q

Prejudice

A
  1. Attitude about a person or group not based on experience
  2. Can be positive or negative and directed at anyone
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7
Q

Discrimination

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  1. Actions related to prejudice (behaviours)
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8
Q

Stereotypes

A
  1. Broadly held beliefs that people who belong in a given group have a particular characteristic
  2. Self fulfilling prophecy: when people act in a way that matches stereotypes related to them which enforces the stereotype
    2a. Stereotype threat: stereotype negatively affects a persons performance
    2b. Stereotype boost: when a stereotype positively influences performance
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9
Q

Stigma

A
  1. Strong disapproval of a person based on traits that make them unique
    1a. Self stigma when its internalized
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10
Q

Ethnocentrism

A
  1. When one analyzes a different culture through the lens of their own
  2. Caused by in group favouritism
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11
Q

Cultural relativism

A
  1. When one views another culture from the perspective of people within that culture
  2. Non judgemental
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12
Q

Microsociology vs macrosociology

A
  1. Microsociology: small-scale, face-to-face interactions between people
  2. Macrosociology: large scale social structures
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13
Q

Macrosociology: functionalism

A
  1. Functionalism/ structural functionalism: theory that views society as a massive structure with parts that work together to keep it functionally stable
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14
Q

Macrosociology: conflict theory

A
  1. Conflict theory: says society changes over time due to conflicts between groups
    1a. Role conflict: 2 seperate roles =conflict
    1b. Social strain: stress from same social role
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15
Q

Macrosociology: social constructivism

A
  1. Social constructionism: some facts beget their meaning from physical reality
    1a. Weak social constructionism: says there are brute facts which are pieces of knowledge that dont rely on other facts
    1b. Strong social constructionism: says all knowledge is socially constructed
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16
Q

Microsociology: symbolic interactionist

A
  1. Focuses on one on one interactions between people and on the symbols they use to do so
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17
Q

Microsociology: exchange-rational choice

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  1. Rational choice theory: people run logic cost-benefit for each action they take
  2. Social exchange theory: people interact with others in a way to maximize benefits and reduce costs
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18
Q

Macrosociology: feminist theory

A
  1. Focuses on gender interactions w society and wants to achieve social and political equality
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19
Q

Social institutions: education

A
  1. Hidden curriculum: all things we learn in school that aren’t explicitly taught
  2. Educational segregation: separation of education
  3. Educational stratification: categorization of students in group
20
Q

Social institutions: education

A
  1. Hidden curriculum: all things we learn in school that aren’t explicitly taught
  2. Educational segregation: separation of education
  3. Educational stratification: categorization of students in group
21
Q

Secularization

A
  1. Becoming less religious
22
Q

Governments

A
  1. Anarchy: no one has power
  2. Autocracy (monarchy and dictatorship): one person has power
  3. Oligarchy: few people have power
  4. Democracy: everyone has power
23
Q

Economy

A
  1. Capitalism: private ownership
  2. Socialism: social ownership
  3. Communism: establishes collective ownership to all properties
24
Q

Medicalization

A
  1. When life shifts from general problems to medical problems
  2. Recategorizing a medical condition to something that needs treatment: drinking -> alcoholism
25
Q

2 categories of culture

A
  1. Material culture: objects serve human interests
  2. Symbolic culture: made up of beliefs, rituals, symbols etc
26
Q

Culture diffusion/lag/shock/assimilation

A
  1. Cultural diffusion: when elements of one culture from one society are transferred from one group to another (cultural transmission is the actual process)
  2. Culture lag: when symbolic culture fails to keep up with material culture
  3. Culture shock: when a person is exposed to a different culture of their own and that causes shock
  4. Assimilation: when minority become like the majority culture
27
Q

Counterculture

A
  1. When a subculture has a conflict with the dominant culture
28
Q

Life course theory

A
  1. Approach to studying people’s entire lives and their environment by collecting data about them from birth onward
  2. These theorists popularized a cohort/generation (ex: gen Z)
  3. Life course approach: Says early life events influences an individuals later life outcomes
29
Q

Theories of aging

A
  1. Disengagement theory: older people experience physical and social loss later in life which causes them to withdraw from society
  2. Activity theory: argues disengagement from society is unnecessary and harmful…old people need social involvement
  3. Continuity theory: states older people tend to keep up activities they were a part of earlier in life such as social circles
  4. Modernalization theory: modernization is inevitable so old people are at risk of being left behind due to change
  5. Age stratification theory: society puts pressure on people to behave a certain age depending on how old they are
30
Q

Gender segregation

A
  1. Tendency of children to separate into same sex peer groups around 3 years old
  2. Also how people who work in female dominated fields often recieve lower pay
31
Q

Race vs ethnicity

A
  1. Race: soft people into groups based on physical appearance or social characteristics
  2. Ethnicity: traditions, language, religion etc.
32
Q

Racialization:

A

happens when racial identities are ascribed to people in a given group

33
Q

Racial formation

A
  1. Says race is socially constructed
34
Q

Immigration

A
  1. Push factors: push people from one country to another
  2. Pull factors: pull people to a country
35
Q

Malthusian theory

A
  1. Assumes out ability to grow food for the population is linear and populations naturally flow a pattern of exponential growth
  2. Is challenged via demographic transition model
36
Q

Demographic transition model

A
  1. Stage 1: birth and morality high =no pop growth
  2. Stage 2: morality falls, birth high bc pop health improves
  3. Stage 3: morality remains low, birth fall
  4. Stage 4: morality and birth low: pop growth slows
  5. Stage 5: not sure yet
37
Q

Population terms

A
  1. Crude birth rate/natality: number of children born/year/thousand ppl
  2. Mortality /death rate: number of people that die /year/thousand ppl
  3. Total fertility rate (TFR): avg number of kids a woman has in lifetime
38
Q

Types of Social movements

A
  1. Alternative social movement: Change aspect of individual
  2. Redemptive social movement: change whole individual
  3. Reformative social movement: change aspect of society
  4. Revolutionary social movement: change whole society
39
Q

Theories to explain social movement:

A
  1. Relative deprivation theory: ppl join social movements vs they feel worse off than people they are exposed to and by joining it’ll make their lives better
  2. Resources mobilization theory: ppl join social movement and effect change because they have resources and motivation to do so
  3. Political process theory: 3 things necessary for social movements to form are insurgent consciousness, organizational strength and political opportunities
  4. New social movement theory: economic transition that many developed countries have gone through away from manufacturing and towards service has caused social movements and that these movements are different than movements before them
40
Q

Globalization

A
  1. Integration of smaller groups of people into worldwide network of ideas
41
Q

World systems theory

A
  1. Breaks world into 3 nations:
    1a. Core nations: economically, technologically and ,militarily powerful
    1b. Semi periphery nations: between
    1c. Periphery nations: opposite from core
  2. Argues core nations such recourses out of periphery ones
42
Q

Dependancy theory

A
  1. Argues core nations such recourses out of periphery ones so there are no benefits to periphery nations
43
Q

Urbanization

A
  1. When people move from rural areas to cities
    1a. Urban decline: ppl leave cities
    1b. Urban renewal: ppl moving back into city centres
  2. Suburbanization: migration of people from cities to suburbs
44
Q

Gentrification

A
  1. Process of uranium land people improved and new residents moving in
45
Q

Social strain theory:

A

pressure from the environment increases crime

46
Q

Differential association theory

A
  1. People learn crimes by watching others around them
47
Q

Social role conflict

A
  1. Demands of 2 social roles a person has

aprep101: psychology (11 decks)

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