Lecture 6: Personality, Attitudes And Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective: id, ego, superego
A
- Id: present from birth, seeks instant gratification, unconscious, biological urges
- Ego: desires gratification but is concerned with reward and punishment…delays gratification of the id until a socially acceptable way of fulfilling urges are found
- Superego: arises from ego at 3-5 years old, cares about moral principles
2
Q
Psychoanalytic perspective: 2 factors that drive peoples behaviour
A
- Libido: energy that poeople devote to love and other positive drives like sex
- Death drive: instincts for aggression, self harm and compulsion
3
Q
Psychoanalytic perspective: 3 layers of awareness
A
- Conscious: immediately aware
- Pre conscious: thoughts you can easily summon into awareness
- Unconscious: thoughts we are unaware of, but they influence our behaviour
4
Q
Psychoanalytic perspective: defence mechanisms between anxiety
A
- Psychotic
1a. Denial: refuse reality
1b. Distortion: extreme warping of reality to fit personal needs - Immature: not effective
2a. Projection: project bad thoughts onto someone else
2b. Hypochondriasis: thinking you have a serious illness despite evidence - Neurotic (intermediate): short term coping
3a. Repression: holding feelings inside
3b. Displacement: displace feelings onto more convenient target
3c. Reaction formation: do opposite of what you feel
3d. Regression: act like child
3e. Rationalization: make excuse for destructive behaviour - Mature: effective
4a. Sublimination: do good thing to avoid socially unacceptable thing you want to do
4b. Suppression: delay thinking about a stressful situation
4c. Humor
5
Q
Psychoanalytic perspective: principles
A
- Pleasure principle: id
- Reality principle: ego
6
Q
Who is psychoanalytic perspective from
A
- Freud
7
Q
Behaviourist perspective: Skinner
A
- Argued behaviour is determined by environment
- environment consequences can determine behaviour by reinforcement, punishment and extinction
- From this he proposed operant conditioning
8
Q
Behaviourist perspective: Pavlov
A
- behaviour is formed via classical conditioning
9
Q
Social cognitive theory: Bandura
A
- Social cognitive theory is a behaviourist theory that adds cognitive influence to a behaviour: so behaviour is influenced by environment and influence of the mind
- Shown in observational learning
10
Q
Humanistic theory: carl rogers
A
- Viewed personal development through the “self” (how a person pictures themself: now called self-concept)
1a. When a persons self image doesn’t align w reality: incongruence…to much of this leads to anxiety (opposite is congruence=personal growth) - Said the key to congruence was authenticity and acceptance from other people (unconditional positive regard)
11
Q
Humanistic theory: Maslow
A
- Said we have a hierarchy of needs:
1a. Bottom: physiological needs->safety needs->belonging and love needs->esteem needs->self actualization (achieving ones full potential) - Said self actualization would lead to congruence (personal growth)
12
Q
Biological theory: Hans Eysenck
A
- Says what a person is born with is who he is…
- Observed identical twins who were more similar than fraternal twins
13
Q
Biopsychosocial theory: Jeffrey A. Gray
A
- Said we have a behavioural inhibition system (BIS) and a behavioural activation system (BAS)
1a. BIS: activated in response to unpleasant events and signals a person to avoid them
1b. BAS: responds to positive events and prompts people seek them out
14
Q
Biological theory: C. Robert Cloninger
A
- Believed that different dimensions of personality were associated w different neurotransmitters
15
Q
Trait theory
A
- States that personality consists of personality traits that distinguish individuals that are stable over a lifetime
16
Q
Trait theory: Gordon Allport
A
- Cardinal traits: show almost everything an individual does
- Central traits: features we all share to a degree
- Secondary traits: less obvious
17
Q
Trait theory: five-factor (Big 5) model
A
- O-openness to experience: how curious, imaginative and flexible are you?
- C-conscientiousness: how organized, disciplined are you?
- E-extraversion: how adventurous are you?
- A-agreeableness-how sympathetic, cooperative and modest are you?
- N-neuroticism: how anxious, insecure and hostile are you?
18
Q
Trait theory-Hans Eysenck
A
- We have 3 dimensions to describe our personality:
1a. P-psychoticism: how much a person needs to experience reality in a way a person does not
1b. E-extraversion: how adventurous are you?
1c. N-neuroticism: how anxious, hostile and insecure are you?
19
Q
Factors that influence motivation: arousal (Delete)
A
- If aroused=motivated
20
Q
Factors that influence motivation: drives
A
- Instinct
- Arousal
- Drive reduction theory: argues humans have needs which lead to drives and cause motivation to return to homeostasis
3a. Primary drives: innate
3b. Secondary drives: learned (Desire for money) - Maslows hierarchy of needs: argues lower basic needs need to be satisfied before moving onto higher levels
- Incentive theory: states that people are motivated by incentives (rewards)
- Cognitive theories of motivation: motivation arrives from logical thought (motivation is from physiological drives)
21
Q
ABC model of attitude
A
- Affective: feelings and emotions
- Behavioural: behaviours directed at an object (im jumping)
- Cognitive: I think ____
22
Q
Explicit vs implicit attitudes
A
- Explicit: aware of
- Implicit: unaware of
23
Q
Persuasion types
A
- Foot in the door: small request->say yes->large request
- Door in the face: big request-> say no->little request
24
Q
Attitudes changing behaviour: elaboration likelihood model (ELM)
A
- States that there are two pathways by which people are persuaded to do smth
1a. Central route: when someone is convinced via factual information and rational argument (how he agrees w the argument)
1b. Peripheral route: when someone is convinced via superficial facts (what the person is wearing)
25
Attitudes changing behaviour: attitude to behaviour process model
1. Argues that events, attitudes and past experiences combine to influence our behaviour
1a. Smth happening to you->attitude to event->remember pas events->use attitude + memories to decide how to respond
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Attitudes changing behaviour: theory of planned behaviour
1. Says our intentions drive our behaviour
1a. Intentions are influenced by our attitudes towards a behaviour, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control
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Attitudes changing behaviour: prototype willingness model
1. Says that there are 5 factors that influence a persons behaviour: attitudes, subjective norms, behavioural intention, behavioural willingness and prototypes (how we think things occur)
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Cognitive dissonance theory
1. Uncomfortable feeling that arises when holding conflicting beliefs and/or acting in ways that conflict with beliefs
29
Biopsychosocial model of mental disorders
1. Looks at both physiology and cultural and social factors that play a role in disorders
30
Systems that classify mental disorders
1. DSM 5:
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Neurodevelopmental disorders
1. Autism
2. ADHD
32
Schizophrenia
1. Symptoms
1a. Positive: a gain to someone (hallucinations and delusions)
1b. Negative: a loss (affective flattening (loss of emotions) and lack of motivation)
1c. Cognitive: changes to a persons thought (memory difficulty and impaired attention)
2. Prodrome: a long period where a person has psychotic episodes
33
Mood disorders: bipolar
1. Periods of depression and mania or hypomania
1a. Mania: person has such high arousal
1b. Hypomania: less severe than mania for intensity
2. Bipolar 1: requires 1 full manic episode
3. Bipolar 2: requires 1 hypomania episode
34
Depressive disorders:
1. excessive sadness and emptiness
35
Anxiety disorders
1. Excessive fear and worry
1a. Phobias: worries triggered by something
1b. Symptoms include panic disorders where someone has a panic attack
36
Obsessive compulsive disorders
1. Obsessions: strong thoughts or urges
2. Compulsions: doing these obsessions
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Trauma and stress disorders: PTSD
1. Vivid unwanted memories, avoidance, negative changes in emotion and sleep
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Somatic symptoms
1. Functional neurological symptom disorder: where patients have neurological symptoms like paralysis that has no known medical cause and are linked to a psychological event
2. Factitous disorder (Munchausen syndrome): falsify and exaggerate symptoms unconsciously
3. Malingering: falsify and exaggerate symptoms consciously
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Personality disorders
1. Cluster A: strand/eccentric
1a. Paranoid: distrust others
1b. Schizoid: no interest in relationships w others
1c. Schizotypal: strange beliefs
2. Cluster B: impulsive, dramatic or self-destructive
2a. Antisocial: disregard for how their actions affect others
2b. Borderline: frantic efforts to avoid abandonment
2c. Histrionic: dramatic people, need to be center of attention
2d. Narcissistic: inflated sense of self importance
3. Cluster C: fearful
3a. Avoidant: avoid for fear of getting criticized
3b. Dependant: when people are reliant on other people
3c. Obsessive compulsive: perfectionism
40
Biology of schizophrenia
1. Hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus and nucleus accumbens are smaller, Cerebral cortex is thinner
2. Have excessive dopamine which leads to abnormal activity in mesolimbic (reward) pathway and dysfunction in mesocortical pathway
3. Glutamate (excitatory) and dopamine work together to cause schizophrenia
41
Biology of depression
1. Monoamine theory of depression: Depression is caused by deficits in monoamine neurotransmitters: dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine
2. Neuroplasicity hypothesis: stress from depressions to neurons=atrophy in brain
3. Neurogenesis hypothesis: depression prevents new neurons from being made
42
Biology of Alzheimer’s disease
1. Buildup of amyloid plaques (beta (Ab) proteins) and neurofibrillary tangles in brain
43
Biology of Parkinson’s disease
1. Loss of dopamine neurons in basal ganglia
