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Psychology > Lecture 6: Personality, Attitudes And Disorders > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Personality, Attitudes And Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective: id, ego, superego

A
  1. Id: present from birth, seeks instant gratification, unconscious, biological urges
  2. Ego: desires gratification but is concerned with reward and punishment…delays gratification of the id until a socially acceptable way of fulfilling urges are found
  3. Superego: arises from ego at 3-5 years old, cares about moral principles
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2
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective: 2 factors that drive peoples behaviour

A
  1. Libido: energy that poeople devote to love and other positive drives like sex
  2. Death drive: instincts for aggression, self harm and compulsion
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3
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective: 3 layers of awareness

A
  1. Conscious: immediately aware
  2. Pre conscious: thoughts you can easily summon into awareness
  3. Unconscious: thoughts we are unaware of, but they influence our behaviour
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4
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective: defence mechanisms between anxiety

A
  1. Psychotic
    1a. Denial: refuse reality
    1b. Distortion: extreme warping of reality to fit personal needs
  2. Immature: not effective
    2a. Projection: project bad thoughts onto someone else
    2b. Hypochondriasis: thinking you have a serious illness despite evidence
  3. Neurotic (intermediate): short term coping
    3a. Repression: holding feelings inside
    3b. Displacement: displace feelings onto more convenient target
    3c. Reaction formation: do opposite of what you feel
    3d. Regression: act like child
    3e. Rationalization: make excuse for destructive behaviour
  4. Mature: effective
    4a. Sublimination: do good thing to avoid socially unacceptable thing you want to do
    4b. Suppression: delay thinking about a stressful situation
    4c. Humor
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5
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective: principles

A
  1. Pleasure principle: id
  2. Reality principle: ego
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6
Q

Who is psychoanalytic perspective from

A
  1. Freud
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7
Q

Behaviourist perspective: Skinner

A
  1. Argued behaviour is determined by environment
  2. environment consequences can determine behaviour by reinforcement, punishment and extinction
  3. From this he proposed operant conditioning
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8
Q

Behaviourist perspective: Pavlov

A
  1. behaviour is formed via classical conditioning
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9
Q

Social cognitive theory: Bandura

A
  1. Social cognitive theory is a behaviourist theory that adds cognitive influence to a behaviour: so behaviour is influenced by environment and influence of the mind
  2. Shown in observational learning
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10
Q

Humanistic theory: carl rogers

A
  1. Viewed personal development through the “self” (how a person pictures themself: now called self-concept)
    1a. When a persons self image doesn’t align w reality: incongruence…to much of this leads to anxiety (opposite is congruence=personal growth)
  2. Said the key to congruence was authenticity and acceptance from other people (unconditional positive regard)
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11
Q

Humanistic theory: Maslow

A
  1. Said we have a hierarchy of needs:
    1a. Bottom: physiological needs->safety needs->belonging and love needs->esteem needs->self actualization (achieving ones full potential)
  2. Said self actualization would lead to congruence (personal growth)
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12
Q

Biological theory: Hans Eysenck

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  1. Says what a person is born with is who he is…
  2. Observed identical twins who were more similar than fraternal twins
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13
Q

Biopsychosocial theory: Jeffrey A. Gray

A
  1. Said we have a behavioural inhibition system (BIS) and a behavioural activation system (BAS)
    1a. BIS: activated in response to unpleasant events and signals a person to avoid them
    1b. BAS: responds to positive events and prompts people seek them out
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14
Q

Biological theory: C. Robert Cloninger

A
  1. Believed that different dimensions of personality were associated w different neurotransmitters
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15
Q

Trait theory

A
  1. States that personality consists of personality traits that distinguish individuals that are stable over a lifetime
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16
Q

Trait theory: Gordon Allport

A
  1. Cardinal traits: show almost everything an individual does
  2. Central traits: features we all share to a degree
  3. Secondary traits: less obvious
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17
Q

Trait theory: five-factor (Big 5) model

A
  1. O-openness to experience: how curious, imaginative and flexible are you?
  2. C-conscientiousness: how organized, disciplined are you?
  3. E-extraversion: how adventurous are you?
  4. A-agreeableness-how sympathetic, cooperative and modest are you?
  5. N-neuroticism: how anxious, insecure and hostile are you?
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18
Q

Trait theory-Hans Eysenck

A
  1. We have 3 dimensions to describe our personality:
    1a. P-psychoticism: how much a person needs to experience reality in a way a person does not
    1b. E-extraversion: how adventurous are you?
    1c. N-neuroticism: how anxious, hostile and insecure are you?
19
Q

Factors that influence motivation: arousal (Delete)

A
  1. If aroused=motivated
20
Q

Factors that influence motivation: drives

A
  1. Instinct
  2. Arousal
  3. Drive reduction theory: argues humans have needs which lead to drives and cause motivation to return to homeostasis
    3a. Primary drives: innate
    3b. Secondary drives: learned (Desire for money)
  4. Maslows hierarchy of needs: argues lower basic needs need to be satisfied before moving onto higher levels
  5. Incentive theory: states that people are motivated by incentives (rewards)
  6. Cognitive theories of motivation: motivation arrives from logical thought (motivation is from physiological drives)
21
Q

ABC model of attitude

A
  1. Affective: feelings and emotions
  2. Behavioural: behaviours directed at an object (im jumping)
  3. Cognitive: I think ____
22
Q

Explicit vs implicit attitudes

A
  1. Explicit: aware of
  2. Implicit: unaware of
23
Q

Persuasion types

A
  1. Foot in the door: small request->say yes->large request
  2. Door in the face: big request-> say no->little request
24
Q

Attitudes changing behaviour: elaboration likelihood model (ELM)

A
  1. States that there are two pathways by which people are persuaded to do smth
    1a. Central route: when someone is convinced via factual information and rational argument (how he agrees w the argument)
    1b. Peripheral route: when someone is convinced via superficial facts (what the person is wearing)
25
Q

Attitudes changing behaviour: attitude to behaviour process model

A
  1. Argues that events, attitudes and past experiences combine to influence our behaviour
    1a. Smth happening to you->attitude to event->remember pas events->use attitude + memories to decide how to respond
26
Q

Attitudes changing behaviour: theory of planned behaviour

A
  1. Says our intentions drive our behaviour
    1a. Intentions are influenced by our attitudes towards a behaviour, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control
27
Q

Attitudes changing behaviour: prototype willingness model

A
  1. Says that there are 5 factors that influence a persons behaviour: attitudes, subjective norms, behavioural intention, behavioural willingness and prototypes (how we think things occur)
28
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A
  1. Uncomfortable feeling that arises when holding conflicting beliefs and/or acting in ways that conflict with beliefs
29
Q

Biopsychosocial model of mental disorders

A
  1. Looks at both physiology and cultural and social factors that play a role in disorders
30
Q

Systems that classify mental disorders

A
  1. DSM 5:
31
Q

Neurodevelopmental disorders

A
  1. Autism
  2. ADHD
32
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  1. Symptoms
    1a. Positive: a gain to someone (hallucinations and delusions)
    1b. Negative: a loss (affective flattening (loss of emotions) and lack of motivation)
    1c. Cognitive: changes to a persons thought (memory difficulty and impaired attention)
  2. Prodrome: a long period where a person has psychotic episodes
33
Q

Mood disorders: bipolar

A
  1. Periods of depression and mania or hypomania
    1a. Mania: person has such high arousal
    1b. Hypomania: less severe than mania for intensity
  2. Bipolar 1: requires 1 full manic episode
  3. Bipolar 2: requires 1 hypomania episode
34
Q

Depressive disorders:

A
  1. excessive sadness and emptiness
35
Q

Anxiety disorders

A
  1. Excessive fear and worry
    1a. Phobias: worries triggered by something
    1b. Symptoms include panic disorders where someone has a panic attack
36
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorders

A
  1. Obsessions: strong thoughts or urges
  2. Compulsions: doing these obsessions
37
Q

Trauma and stress disorders: PTSD

A
  1. Vivid unwanted memories, avoidance, negative changes in emotion and sleep
38
Q

Somatic symptoms

A
  1. Functional neurological symptom disorder: where patients have neurological symptoms like paralysis that has no known medical cause and are linked to a psychological event
  2. Factitous disorder (Munchausen syndrome): falsify and exaggerate symptoms unconsciously
  3. Malingering: falsify and exaggerate symptoms consciously
39
Q

Personality disorders

A
  1. Cluster A: strand/eccentric
    1a. Paranoid: distrust others
    1b. Schizoid: no interest in relationships w others
    1c. Schizotypal: strange beliefs
  2. Cluster B: impulsive, dramatic or self-destructive
    2a. Antisocial: disregard for how their actions affect others
    2b. Borderline: frantic efforts to avoid abandonment
    2c. Histrionic: dramatic people, need to be center of attention
    2d. Narcissistic: inflated sense of self importance
  3. Cluster C: fearful
    3a. Avoidant: avoid for fear of getting criticized
    3b. Dependant: when people are reliant on other people
    3c. Obsessive compulsive: perfectionism
40
Q

Biology of schizophrenia

A
  1. Hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus and nucleus accumbens are smaller, Cerebral cortex is thinner
  2. Have excessive dopamine which leads to abnormal activity in mesolimbic (reward) pathway and dysfunction in mesocortical pathway
  3. Glutamate (excitatory) and dopamine work together to cause schizophrenia
41
Q

Biology of depression

A
  1. Monoamine theory of depression: Depression is caused by deficits in monoamine neurotransmitters: dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine
  2. Neuroplasicity hypothesis: stress from depressions to neurons=atrophy in brain
  3. Neurogenesis hypothesis: depression prevents new neurons from being made
42
Q

Biology of Alzheimer’s disease

A
  1. Buildup of amyloid plaques (beta (Ab) proteins) and neurofibrillary tangles in brain
43
Q

Biology of Parkinson’s disease

A
  1. Loss of dopamine neurons in basal ganglia

Psychology (11 decks)

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