Lecture 6: Personality, Attitudes And Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective: id, ego, superego
A
- Id: present from birth, seeks instant gratification, unconscious, biological urges
- Ego: desires gratification but is concerned with reward and punishment…delays gratification of the id until a socially acceptable way of fulfilling urges are found
- Superego: arises from ego at 3-5 years old, cares about moral principles
2
Q
Psychoanalytic perspective: 2 factors that drive peoples behaviour
A
- Libido: energy that poeople devote to love and other positive drives like sex
- Death drive: instincts for aggression, self harm and compulsion
3
Q
Psychoanalytic perspective: 3 layers of awareness
A
- Conscious: immediately aware
- Pre conscious: thoughts you can easily summon into awareness
- Unconscious: thoughts we are unaware of, but they influence our behaviour
4
Q
Psychoanalytic perspective: defence mechanisms between anxiety
A
- Psychotic
1a. Denial: refuse reality
1b. Distortion: extreme warping of reality to fit personal needs - Immature: not effective
2a. Projection: project bad thoughts onto someone else
2b. Hypochondriasis: thinking you have a serious illness despite evidence - Neurotic (intermediate): short term coping
3a. Repression: holding feelings inside
3b. Displacement: displace feelings onto more convenient target
3c. Reaction formation: do opposite of what you feel
3d. Regression: act like child
3e. Rationalization: make excuse for destructive behaviour - Mature: effective
4a. Sublimination: do good thing to avoid socially unacceptable thing you want to do
4b. Suppression: delay thinking about a stressful situation
4c. Humor
5
Q
Psychoanalytic perspective: principles
A
- Pleasure principle: id
- Reality principle: ego
6
Q
Who is psychoanalytic perspective from
A
- Freud
7
Q
Behaviourist perspective: Skinner
A
- Argued behaviour is determined by environment
- environment consequences can determine behaviour by reinforcement, punishment and extinction
- From this he proposed operant conditioning
8
Q
Behaviourist perspective: Pavlov
A
- behaviour is formed via classical conditioning
9
Q
Social cognitive theory: Bandura
A
- Social cognitive theory is a behaviourist theory that adds cognitive influence to a behaviour: so behaviour is influenced by environment and influence of the mind
- Shown in observational learning
10
Q
Humanistic theory: carl rogers
A
- Viewed personal development through the “self” (how a person pictures themself: now called self-concept)
1a. When a persons self image doesn’t align w reality: incongruence…to much of this leads to anxiety (opposite is congruence=personal growth) - Said the key to congruence was authenticity and acceptance from other people (unconditional positive regard)
11
Q
Humanistic theory: Maslow
A
- Said we have a hierarchy of needs:
1a. Bottom: physiological needs->safety needs->belonging and love needs->esteem needs->self actualization (achieving ones full potential) - Said self actualization would lead to congruence (personal growth)
12
Q
Biological theory: Hans Eysenck
A
- Says what a person is born with is who he is…
- Observed identical twins who were more similar than fraternal twins
13
Q
Biopsychosocial theory: Jeffrey A. Gray
A
- Said we have a behavioural inhibition system (BIS) and a behavioural activation system (BAS)
1a. BIS: activated in response to unpleasant events and signals a person to avoid them
1b. BAS: responds to positive events and prompts people seek them out
14
Q
Biological theory: C. Robert Cloninger
A
- Believed that different dimensions of personality were associated w different neurotransmitters
15
Q
Trait theory
A
- States that personality consists of personality traits that distinguish individuals that are stable over a lifetime
16
Q
Trait theory: Gordon Allport
A
- Cardinal traits: show almost everything an individual does
- Central traits: features we all share to a degree
- Secondary traits: less obvious
17
Q
Trait theory: five-factor (Big 5) model
A
- O-openness to experience: how curious, imaginative and flexible are you?
- C-conscientiousness: how organized, disciplined are you?
- E-extraversion: how adventurous are you?
- A-agreeableness-how sympathetic, cooperative and modest are you?
- N-neuroticism: how anxious, insecure and hostile are you?
18
Q
Trait theory-Hans Eysenck
A
- We have 3 dimensions to describe our personality:
1a. P-psychoticism: how much a person needs to experience reality in a way a person does not
1b. E-extraversion: how adventurous are you?
1c. N-neuroticism: how anxious, hostile and insecure are you?
19
Q
Factors that influence motivation: arousal (Delete)
A
- If aroused=motivated
20
Q
Factors that influence motivation: drives
A
- Instinct
- Arousal
- Drive reduction theory: argues humans have needs which lead to drives and cause motivation to return to homeostasis
3a. Primary drives: innate
3b. Secondary drives: learned (Desire for money) - Maslows hierarchy of needs: argues lower basic needs need to be satisfied before moving onto higher levels
- Incentive theory: states that people are motivated by incentives (rewards)
- Cognitive theories of motivation: motivation arrives from logical thought (motivation is from physiological drives)
21
Q
ABC model of attitude
A
- Affective: feelings and emotions
- Behavioural: behaviours directed at an object (im jumping)
- Cognitive: I think ____
22
Q
Explicit vs implicit attitudes
A
- Explicit: aware of
- Implicit: unaware of
23
Q
Persuasion types
A
- Foot in the door: small request->say yes->large request
- Door in the face: big request-> say no->little request
24
Q
Attitudes changing behaviour: elaboration likelihood model (ELM)
A
- States that there are two pathways by which people are persuaded to do smth
1a. Central route: when someone is convinced via factual information and rational argument (how he agrees w the argument)
1b. Peripheral route: when someone is convinced via superficial facts (what the person is wearing)
25
Q
Attitudes changing behaviour: attitude to behaviour process model
A
- Argues that events, attitudes and past experiences combine to influence our behaviour
1a. Smth happening to you->attitude to event->remember pas events->use attitude + memories to decide how to respond
26
Q
Attitudes changing behaviour: theory of planned behaviour
A
- Says our intentions drive our behaviour
1a. Intentions are influenced by our attitudes towards a behaviour, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control
27
Q
Attitudes changing behaviour: prototype willingness model
A
- Says that there are 5 factors that influence a persons behaviour: attitudes, subjective norms, behavioural intention, behavioural willingness and prototypes (how we think things occur)
28
Q
Cognitive dissonance theory
A
- Uncomfortable feeling that arises when holding conflicting beliefs and/or acting in ways that conflict with beliefs
29
Q
Biopsychosocial model of mental disorders
A
- Looks at both physiology and cultural and social factors that play a role in disorders
30
Q
Systems that classify mental disorders
A
- DSM 5:
31
Q
Neurodevelopmental disorders
A
- Autism
- ADHD
32
Q
Schizophrenia
A
- Symptoms
1a. Positive: a gain to someone (hallucinations and delusions)
1b. Negative: a loss (affective flattening (loss of emotions) and lack of motivation)
1c. Cognitive: changes to a persons thought (memory difficulty and impaired attention) - Prodrome: a long period where a person has psychotic episodes
33
Q
Mood disorders: bipolar
A
- Periods of depression and mania or hypomania
1a. Mania: person has such high arousal
1b. Hypomania: less severe than mania for intensity - Bipolar 1: requires 1 full manic episode
- Bipolar 2: requires 1 hypomania episode
34
Q
Depressive disorders:
A
- excessive sadness and emptiness
35
Q
Anxiety disorders
A
- Excessive fear and worry
1a. Phobias: worries triggered by something
1b. Symptoms include panic disorders where someone has a panic attack
36
Q
Obsessive compulsive disorders
A
- Obsessions: strong thoughts or urges
- Compulsions: doing these obsessions
37
Q
Trauma and stress disorders: PTSD
A
- Vivid unwanted memories, avoidance, negative changes in emotion and sleep
38
Q
Somatic symptoms
A
- Functional neurological symptom disorder: where patients have neurological symptoms like paralysis that has no known medical cause and are linked to a psychological event
- Factitous disorder (Munchausen syndrome): falsify and exaggerate symptoms unconsciously
- Malingering: falsify and exaggerate symptoms consciously
39
Q
Personality disorders
A
- Cluster A: strand/eccentric
1a. Paranoid: distrust others
1b. Schizoid: no interest in relationships w others
1c. Schizotypal: strange beliefs - Cluster B: impulsive, dramatic or self-destructive
2a. Antisocial: disregard for how their actions affect others
2b. Borderline: frantic efforts to avoid abandonment
2c. Histrionic: dramatic people, need to be center of attention
2d. Narcissistic: inflated sense of self importance - Cluster C: fearful
3a. Avoidant: avoid for fear of getting criticized
3b. Dependant: when people are reliant on other people
3c. Obsessive compulsive: perfectionism
40
Q
Biology of schizophrenia
A
- Hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus and nucleus accumbens are smaller, Cerebral cortex is thinner
- Have excessive dopamine which leads to abnormal activity in mesolimbic (reward) pathway and dysfunction in mesocortical pathway
- Glutamate (excitatory) and dopamine work together to cause schizophrenia
41
Q
Biology of depression
A
- Monoamine theory of depression: Depression is caused by deficits in monoamine neurotransmitters: dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine
- Neuroplasicity hypothesis: stress from depressions to neurons=atrophy in brain
- Neurogenesis hypothesis: depression prevents new neurons from being made
42
Q
Biology of Alzheimer’s disease
A
- Buildup of amyloid plaques (beta (Ab) proteins) and neurofibrillary tangles in brain
43
Q
Biology of Parkinson’s disease
A
- Loss of dopamine neurons in basal ganglia
