Lecture 3: Decisions, Intelligence And Consciousness Flashcards
1
Q
The 2 main types of problems
A
- Well defined: clear start and end time…easy to see if its been solved
- Ill defined: lack both a clear start and end
2
Q
Ways to solve problems
A
- Trial and error: make ransom guesses until smth works
- Algorithm: logical, systemic approach to solving a problem
- Heuristic: mental shortcuts to reduce time to solve problems
3a. Means end analysis: break large problem into smaller ones
3b. Working backward: envision end goal
3c. Intuition: making decisions based on instinct
3
Q
Fixation
A
- When we get stuck on certain problems
- Occurs due to:
2a. Mental set: unnecessary constraint that is imposed on problem solving due to attempting to solve problems based on strategies that were employed in the past and worked
3b. Functional fixedness: tendency to only consider objects in terms of their usual functions
4
Q
Insight vs incubation
A
- Insight: When we keep trying to solve a problem and the solution finally clicks
- Insight can occur due to incubation: When we stop working on a problem but our brains work on them subconsciously
5
Q
Heuristics used in Decision making
A
- Availability heuristics: what’s right is what comes to mind fastest
- Representativeness heuristic: making decisions based on stereotypes/typical cases/prototypes
- Conjunction fallacy: when people think the likelihood of 2 events occurring together is more likely than one of the 2 events occurring on its own
6
Q
Biases used in Decision making
A
- Overconfidence: tendency to be more confident that a decision is correct than you should be
- Belief perserverance: reject facts contrary to beliefs you hold
- Confirmation bias: seek out info that confirms believes you have and avoid information that provides evidence to contrary
- Just world fallacy: you believe ppl deserve what happens to them
- Halo effect: when we rate people who are more attractive as better
- Framing bias: when people make decisions based on how information is presented
7
Q
Intelligence theory (delete)
A
- Spearman’s general intelligence: Intelligence is the ability to score well on mental aptitude tests
- Gardners multiple intelligence (9)
- Sternberg triarchic theory: practical, creative and analytical
8
Q
Binet IQ test
A
- IQ=mental age/physical age
9
Q
Standford Binet intelligence test by Terman
A
- Removed mental age and replaced it w scores on bell curve
10
Q
Spearman’s g factor
A
1.
11
Q
Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence
A
- Analytical: tests
- Practical: solve real world problems
- Creative: solve new problems
12
Q
Thurstones theory of primary mental abilities
A
- Splits intelligence into 7 factors which are all closely related to analytical intelligence
- Helped standardize IQ tests
13
Q
Gardners theory of multiple intelligence
A
- Verbal-linguistic
- Logical/math
- Visuo-spatial
- Bodily-Kinesthetic
- Musical
- Interpersonal: w others
- Intrapersonal: by ur self
- Naturalistic
- Existential
14
Q
Golemans emotional intelligence
A
- Ability to recognize/interpret others/own emotion and ability to use this knowledge to interact w others
15
Q
2 divisions of intelligence by cattell
A
- Crystallized intelligence: use of learned knowledge
- Fluid intelligence: new problem solving
16
Q
Flynn effect
A
- Describes progressive increase in IQ scores over pastt generations due to health, parental attention etc.
17
Q
Types of mindsets
A
- Growth: intelligence is changeable
- Fixed: intelligence is smth that doesn’t change
18
Q
States of consciousness
A
- Alertness: awake (beta waves on EEG)
- Daydreaming: mind wanders, more relaxed (alpha waves)
- Drowsiness: just before sleep/after waking up (theta waves)
- Sleep
4a. Light sleep (1, 2): theta waves
4b. Seep sleep (3,4): delta
19
Q
4 stages of sleep
A
- N1/Stage 1: both alpha and theta waves, people experience hypnagogic hallucinations, hypnic jerks
- N1/Stage 2: more theta waves, K complexes, sleep spindles
- N3/Stage 3: Slow wave sleep (SWS), delta waves, sleepwalk/talk occurs here
- REM: dreaming occurs here, mix of alpha and beta here
4a. Important for memory consolidation
20
Q
Circadian rhythm
A
- Loosely tied to s 24 hour cycle
- Hormones
2a. Melatonin from pineal gland: sleep
2b. Cortisol from adrenal cortex: awake
21
Q
Sigmund Freuds theory of dreams
A
- Dreams result from our unsonscious thoughts, desires
1a. Manifest: what actually occurs in dream
1b. Latent: hidden meaning in dream
22
Q
Jungs theory of dreams
A
- Content is related to persons unconscious thoughts/desires but it focuses on early memories and professional interpretation
23
Q
Activation synthesis theory
A
- dreams from brain stem and synthesized from cortex
24
Q
Threat stimulation theory
A
- Dreams are evolutionary advantageous as they stimulate stressful interactions
25
Q
Sleep disorders
A
- Dyssomnia
1a. Insomnia: can’t sleep
1b. Narcolepsy: can’t stay awake
1c. Sleep apnea: can’t breath in sleep where obstructive (OSA) is caused by soft tissue in airway constricting airway & central (CSA) is when its a mindset: both are treated using a CPAP
1d. Hypoventilation syndrome: treated with CPAP and its when a person loses the ability to get rid of co2 in the blood - Parasomnia
2a. Sleepwalking /sleeptalking which both occur during N3
26
Q
Induced states of consciousness
A
- Hypnosis: relaxed, more susceptible to suggestions
1a. Social influence theory: hypnotism doesn’t induce altered state of consciousness but describes people conforming to behaviour thats expected by them
1b. Dissociation theory: says hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness that should be separated from normal conscious experience - Meditation: training mind in attention and awareness
27
Q
Psychoactive drugs: depressants
A
- Lower CNS, increase GABA
1a. alcohol: bind GABA receptors in CNS, allow Cl- , inhibits
1b. benzodiazepines: treats insomnia and anxiety, also binds GABA
1c. barbiturates: bind GABA receptors in CNS, allow Cl- , inhibits
28
Q
Psychoactive drugs: stimulants
A
- Activate CNS, increase BP, and heart rate
1a. Caffein: blocs adenosine in nervous system
1b. Nicotine
1c. Cocaine
1d. Methamphetamine: for ADHD
29
Q
Psychoactive drugs: hallucinogens/entheogens
A
- LSD: activate serotonin, and dopamine
- MDMA: increases serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine
30
Q
Psychoactive drugs: cannabis
A
- Fits in stimulants, hallucinogens and depressants
31
Q
Psychoactive drugs: opioids
A
- Treat pain especially acute ones
32
Q
Ways to take drugs
A
- Transdermal: taken through the skin/slow
- Oral injection: slow
- Inhalation: in lungs/ fast
- Injection:
4a. Intravenously: fastest
4b. Intramuscular: speed depends
33
Q
Mesolimbic pathway and drugs
A
- Dopamine released by ventral regimental area in midbrain and sends a signal to mesolimbic/reward pathway (nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus): pathway is stimulated upon dopamine
34
Q
Drug addiction
A
- Tolerance: need a higher dose to feel it
- Cross tolerance: multiple drugs have same effect (Act on same receptors)
- Dependence: need it
- Withdrawal: pain from not having it
4a. Acute withdrawal: days-weeks
4b. Post acute withdrawal: physiological and last up to years
35
Q
Therapies for addiction
A
- Cognitive behavioural therapy: People recognize their thought patterns associated w substance use
- Group meetings
- Motivational interviewing: internal motivation
36
Q
Language theories
A
- Nativist theory (Chomsky and pinker): all humans are born w ability to acquire knowledge bc they have LAD that helps brain encode universal grammar
1a. LAD is only active for critical period (0-9) and after it ends language is more difficult - Social interactionist theory (Vygotsky): to learn language, children need to interact w adults
- Behaviourist theory (skinner): children need to learn language through operant conditioning
37
Q
Aphasia
A
- Wernickes area in temporal lobe: language comprehension (wernickes aphasia: can’t understand)
- Broca’s area in frontal lobe: producing speech (Broca’s aphasia: can’t produce speech)
- Global aphasia: damage to both wernick and Broca’s (can’t understand and produce)
- Conduction aphasia: damage to arcuate faciculuc (what connects wernickes and Broca’s): difficulty repeating phrases
38
Q
Anomia
A
- Can’t think of right name for object
39
Q
Agraphia
A
- Can’t write
40
Q
Anarthria
A
- Total loss of speech
41
Q
Universalism theory of language
A
- What people think dictates a language they will learn
42
Q
Piagets theory of cognitive development
A
- When child learns concepts like object permenance and conservation, they can learn the meaning of words according to the concept
43
Q
Vygotsky social interactionist theory
A
- Through socialization, child can combine language and thought
44
Q
Linguistic determinism/linguistic relativity hypothesis
A
- Weak linguistic determinism: language influences thought
- Strong linguistic determinism/sapir-whorf hypothesis: the language a person speaks completely determines their thoughts
