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Psychology > Lecture 3: Decisions, Intelligence And Consciousness > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Decisions, Intelligence And Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

The 2 main types of problems

A
  1. Well defined: clear start and end time…easy to see if its been solved
  2. Ill defined: lack both a clear start and end
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2
Q

Ways to solve problems

A
  1. Trial and error: make ransom guesses until smth works
  2. Algorithm: logical, systemic approach to solving a problem
  3. Heuristic: mental shortcuts to reduce time to solve problems
    3a. Means end analysis: break large problem into smaller ones
    3b. Working backward: envision end goal
    3c. Intuition: making decisions based on instinct
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3
Q

Fixation

A
  1. When we get stuck on certain problems
  2. Occurs due to:
    2a. Mental set: unnecessary constraint that is imposed on problem solving due to attempting to solve problems based on strategies that were employed in the past and worked
    3b. Functional fixedness: tendency to only consider objects in terms of their usual functions
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4
Q

Insight vs incubation

A
  1. Insight: When we keep trying to solve a problem and the solution finally clicks
  2. Insight can occur due to incubation: When we stop working on a problem but our brains work on them subconsciously
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5
Q

Heuristics used in Decision making

A
  1. Availability heuristics: what’s right is what comes to mind fastest
  2. Representativeness heuristic: making decisions based on stereotypes/typical cases/prototypes
  3. Conjunction fallacy: when people think the likelihood of 2 events occurring together is more likely than one of the 2 events occurring on its own
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6
Q

Biases used in Decision making

A
  1. Overconfidence: tendency to be more confident that a decision is correct than you should be
  2. Belief perserverance: reject facts contrary to beliefs you hold
  3. Confirmation bias: seek out info that confirms believes you have and avoid information that provides evidence to contrary
  4. Just world fallacy: you believe ppl deserve what happens to them
  5. Halo effect: when we rate people who are more attractive as better
  6. Framing bias: when people make decisions based on how information is presented
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7
Q

Intelligence theory (delete)

A
  1. Spearman’s general intelligence: Intelligence is the ability to score well on mental aptitude tests
  2. Gardners multiple intelligence (9)
  3. Sternberg triarchic theory: practical, creative and analytical
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8
Q

Binet IQ test

A
  1. IQ=mental age/physical age
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9
Q

Standford Binet intelligence test by Terman

A
  1. Removed mental age and replaced it w scores on bell curve
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10
Q

Spearman’s g factor

A

1.

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11
Q

Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence

A
  1. Analytical: tests
  2. Practical: solve real world problems
  3. Creative: solve new problems
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12
Q

Thurstones theory of primary mental abilities

A
  1. Splits intelligence into 7 factors which are all closely related to analytical intelligence
  2. Helped standardize IQ tests
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13
Q

Gardners theory of multiple intelligence

A
  1. Verbal-linguistic
  2. Logical/math
  3. Visuo-spatial
  4. Bodily-Kinesthetic
  5. Musical
  6. Interpersonal: w others
  7. Intrapersonal: by ur self
  8. Naturalistic
  9. Existential
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14
Q

Golemans emotional intelligence

A
  1. Ability to recognize/interpret others/own emotion and ability to use this knowledge to interact w others
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15
Q

2 divisions of intelligence by cattell

A
  1. Crystallized intelligence: use of learned knowledge
  2. Fluid intelligence: new problem solving
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16
Q

Flynn effect

A
  1. Describes progressive increase in IQ scores over pastt generations due to health, parental attention etc.
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17
Q

Types of mindsets

A
  1. Growth: intelligence is changeable
  2. Fixed: intelligence is smth that doesn’t change
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18
Q

States of consciousness

A
  1. Alertness: awake (beta waves on EEG)
  2. Daydreaming: mind wanders, more relaxed (alpha waves)
  3. Drowsiness: just before sleep/after waking up (theta waves)
  4. Sleep
    4a. Light sleep (1, 2): theta waves
    4b. Seep sleep (3,4): delta
19
Q

4 stages of sleep

A
  1. N1/Stage 1: both alpha and theta waves, people experience hypnagogic hallucinations, hypnic jerks
  2. N1/Stage 2: more theta waves, K complexes, sleep spindles
  3. N3/Stage 3: Slow wave sleep (SWS), delta waves, sleepwalk/talk occurs here
  4. REM: dreaming occurs here, mix of alpha and beta here
    4a. Important for memory consolidation
20
Q

Circadian rhythm

A
  1. Loosely tied to s 24 hour cycle
  2. Hormones
    2a. Melatonin from pineal gland: sleep
    2b. Cortisol from adrenal cortex: awake
21
Q

Sigmund Freuds theory of dreams

A
  1. Dreams result from our unsonscious thoughts, desires
    1a. Manifest: what actually occurs in dream
    1b. Latent: hidden meaning in dream
22
Q

Jungs theory of dreams

A
  1. Content is related to persons unconscious thoughts/desires but it focuses on early memories and professional interpretation
23
Q

Activation synthesis theory

A
  1. dreams from brain stem and synthesized from cortex
24
Q

Threat stimulation theory

A
  1. Dreams are evolutionary advantageous as they stimulate stressful interactions
25
Q

Sleep disorders

A
  1. Dyssomnia
    1a. Insomnia: can’t sleep
    1b. Narcolepsy: can’t stay awake
    1c. Sleep apnea: can’t breath in sleep where obstructive (OSA) is caused by soft tissue in airway constricting airway & central (CSA) is when its a mindset: both are treated using a CPAP
    1d. Hypoventilation syndrome: treated with CPAP and its when a person loses the ability to get rid of co2 in the blood
  2. Parasomnia
    2a. Sleepwalking /sleeptalking which both occur during N3
26
Q

Induced states of consciousness

A
  1. Hypnosis: relaxed, more susceptible to suggestions
    1a. Social influence theory: hypnotism doesn’t induce altered state of consciousness but describes people conforming to behaviour thats expected by them
    1b. Dissociation theory: says hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness that should be separated from normal conscious experience
  2. Meditation: training mind in attention and awareness
27
Q

Psychoactive drugs: depressants

A
  1. Lower CNS, increase GABA
    1a. alcohol: bind GABA receptors in CNS, allow Cl- , inhibits
    1b. benzodiazepines: treats insomnia and anxiety, also binds GABA
    1c. barbiturates: bind GABA receptors in CNS, allow Cl- , inhibits
28
Q

Psychoactive drugs: stimulants

A
  1. Activate CNS, increase BP, and heart rate
    1a. Caffein: blocs adenosine in nervous system
    1b. Nicotine
    1c. Cocaine
    1d. Methamphetamine: for ADHD
29
Q

Psychoactive drugs: hallucinogens/entheogens

A
  1. LSD: activate serotonin, and dopamine
  2. MDMA: increases serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine
30
Q

Psychoactive drugs: cannabis

A
  1. Fits in stimulants, hallucinogens and depressants
31
Q

Psychoactive drugs: opioids

A
  1. Treat pain especially acute ones
32
Q

Ways to take drugs

A
  1. Transdermal: taken through the skin/slow
  2. Oral injection: slow
  3. Inhalation: in lungs/ fast
  4. Injection:
    4a. Intravenously: fastest
    4b. Intramuscular: speed depends
33
Q

Mesolimbic pathway and drugs

A
  1. Dopamine released by ventral regimental area in midbrain and sends a signal to mesolimbic/reward pathway (nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus): pathway is stimulated upon dopamine
34
Q

Drug addiction

A
  1. Tolerance: need a higher dose to feel it
  2. Cross tolerance: multiple drugs have same effect (Act on same receptors)
  3. Dependence: need it
  4. Withdrawal: pain from not having it
    4a. Acute withdrawal: days-weeks
    4b. Post acute withdrawal: physiological and last up to years
35
Q

Therapies for addiction

A
  1. Cognitive behavioural therapy: People recognize their thought patterns associated w substance use
  2. Group meetings
  3. Motivational interviewing: internal motivation
36
Q

Language theories

A
  1. Nativist theory (Chomsky and pinker): all humans are born w ability to acquire knowledge bc they have LAD that helps brain encode universal grammar
    1a. LAD is only active for critical period (0-9) and after it ends language is more difficult
  2. Social interactionist theory (Vygotsky): to learn language, children need to interact w adults
  3. Behaviourist theory (skinner): children need to learn language through operant conditioning
37
Q

Aphasia

A
  1. Wernickes area in temporal lobe: language comprehension (wernickes aphasia: can’t understand)
  2. Broca’s area in frontal lobe: producing speech (Broca’s aphasia: can’t produce speech)
  3. Global aphasia: damage to both wernick and Broca’s (can’t understand and produce)
  4. Conduction aphasia: damage to arcuate faciculuc (what connects wernickes and Broca’s): difficulty repeating phrases
38
Q

Anomia

A
  1. Can’t think of right name for object
39
Q

Agraphia

A
  1. Can’t write
40
Q

Anarthria

A
  1. Total loss of speech
41
Q

Universalism theory of language

A
  1. What people think dictates a language they will learn
42
Q

Piagets theory of cognitive development

A
  1. When child learns concepts like object permenance and conservation, they can learn the meaning of words according to the concept
43
Q

Vygotsky social interactionist theory

A
  1. Through socialization, child can combine language and thought
44
Q

Linguistic determinism/linguistic relativity hypothesis

A
  1. Weak linguistic determinism: language influences thought
  2. Strong linguistic determinism/sapir-whorf hypothesis: the language a person speaks completely determines their thoughts

Psychology (11 decks)

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