Lecture 3: Decisions, Intelligence And Consciousness Flashcards
1
Q
The 2 main types of problems
A
- Well defined: clear start and end time…easy to see if its been solved
- Ill defined: lack both a clear start and end
2
Q
Ways to solve problems
A
- Trial and error: make ransom guesses until smth works
- Algorithm: logical, systemic approach to solving a problem
- Heuristic: mental shortcuts to reduce time to solve problems
3a. Means end analysis: break large problem into smaller ones
3b. Working backward: envision end goal
3c. Intuition: making decisions based on instinct
3
Q
Fixation
A
- When we get stuck on certain problems
- Occurs due to:
2a. Mental set: unnecessary constraint that is imposed on problem solving due to attempting to solve problems based on strategies that were employed in the past and worked
3b. Functional fixedness: tendency to only consider objects in terms of their usual functions
4
Q
Insight vs incubation
A
- Insight: When we keep trying to solve a problem and the solution finally clicks
- Insight can occur due to incubation: When we stop working on a problem but our brains work on them subconsciously
5
Q
Heuristics used in Decision making
A
- Availability heuristics: what’s right is what comes to mind fastest
- Representativeness heuristic: making decisions based on stereotypes/typical cases/prototypes
- Conjunction fallacy: when people think the likelihood of 2 events occurring together is more likely than one of the 2 events occurring on its own
6
Q
Biases used in Decision making
A
- Overconfidence: tendency to be more confident that a decision is correct than you should be
- Belief perserverance: reject facts contrary to beliefs you hold
- Confirmation bias: seek out info that confirms believes you have and avoid information that provides evidence to contrary
- Just world fallacy: you believe ppl deserve what happens to them
- Halo effect: when we rate people who are more attractive as better
- Framing bias: when people make decisions based on how information is presented
7
Q
Intelligence theory (delete)
A
- Spearman’s general intelligence: Intelligence is the ability to score well on mental aptitude tests
- Gardners multiple intelligence (9)
- Sternberg triarchic theory: practical, creative and analytical
8
Q
Binet IQ test
A
- IQ=mental age/physical age
9
Q
Standford Binet intelligence test by Terman
A
- Removed mental age and replaced it w scores on bell curve
10
Q
Spearman’s g factor
A
1.
11
Q
Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence
A
- Analytical: tests
- Practical: solve real world problems
- Creative: solve new problems
12
Q
Thurstones theory of primary mental abilities
A
- Splits intelligence into 7 factors which are all closely related to analytical intelligence
- Helped standardize IQ tests
13
Q
Gardners theory of multiple intelligence
A
- Verbal-linguistic
- Logical/math
- Visuo-spatial
- Bodily-Kinesthetic
- Musical
- Interpersonal: w others
- Intrapersonal: by ur self
- Naturalistic
- Existential
14
Q
Golemans emotional intelligence
A
- Ability to recognize/interpret others/own emotion and ability to use this knowledge to interact w others
15
Q
2 divisions of intelligence by cattell
A
- Crystallized intelligence: use of learned knowledge
- Fluid intelligence: new problem solving
16
Q
Flynn effect
A
- Describes progressive increase in IQ scores over pastt generations due to health, parental attention etc.
17
Q
Types of mindsets
A
- Growth: intelligence is changeable
- Fixed: intelligence is smth that doesn’t change
18
Q
States of consciousness
A
- Alertness: awake (beta waves on EEG)
- Daydreaming: mind wanders, more relaxed (alpha waves)
- Drowsiness: just before sleep/after waking up (theta waves)
- Sleep
4a. Light sleep (1, 2): theta waves
4b. Seep sleep (3,4): delta
19
Q
4 stages of sleep
A
- N1/Stage 1: both alpha and theta waves, people experience hypnagogic hallucinations, hypnic jerks
- N1/Stage 2: more theta waves, K complexes, sleep spindles
- N3/Stage 3: Slow wave sleep (SWS), delta waves, sleepwalk/talk occurs here
- REM: dreaming occurs here, mix of alpha and beta here
4a. Important for memory consolidation
20
Q
Circadian rhythm
A
- Loosely tied to s 24 hour cycle
- Hormones
2a. Melatonin from pineal gland: sleep
2b. Cortisol from adrenal cortex: awake
21
Q
Sigmund Freuds theory of dreams
A
- Dreams result from our unsonscious thoughts, desires
1a. Manifest: what actually occurs in dream
1b. Latent: hidden meaning in dream
22
Q
Jungs theory of dreams
A
- Content is related to persons unconscious thoughts/desires but it focuses on early memories and professional interpretation
23
Q
Activation synthesis theory
A
- dreams from brain stem and synthesized from cortex
24
Q
Threat stimulation theory
A
- Dreams are evolutionary advantageous as they stimulate stressful interactions
25
Sleep disorders
1. Dyssomnia
1a. Insomnia: can’t sleep
1b. Narcolepsy: can’t stay awake
1c. Sleep apnea: can’t breath in sleep where obstructive (OSA) is caused by soft tissue in airway constricting airway & central (CSA) is when its a mindset: both are treated using a CPAP
1d. Hypoventilation syndrome: treated with CPAP and its when a person loses the ability to get rid of co2 in the blood
2. Parasomnia
2a. Sleepwalking /sleeptalking which both occur during N3
26
Induced states of consciousness
1. Hypnosis: relaxed, more susceptible to suggestions
1a. Social influence theory: hypnotism doesn’t induce altered state of consciousness but describes people conforming to behaviour thats expected by them
1b. Dissociation theory: says hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness that should be separated from normal conscious experience
2. Meditation: training mind in attention and awareness
27
Psychoactive drugs: depressants
1. Lower CNS, increase GABA
1a. alcohol: bind GABA receptors in CNS, allow Cl- , inhibits
1b. benzodiazepines: treats insomnia and anxiety, also binds GABA
1c. barbiturates: bind GABA receptors in CNS, allow Cl- , inhibits
28
Psychoactive drugs: stimulants
1. Activate CNS, increase BP, and heart rate
1a. Caffein: blocs adenosine in nervous system
1b. Nicotine
1c. Cocaine
1d. Methamphetamine: for ADHD
29
Psychoactive drugs: hallucinogens/entheogens
1. LSD: activate serotonin, and dopamine
2. MDMA: increases serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine
30
Psychoactive drugs: cannabis
1. Fits in stimulants, hallucinogens and depressants
31
Psychoactive drugs: opioids
1. Treat pain especially acute ones
32
Ways to take drugs
1. Transdermal: taken through the skin/slow
2. Oral injection: slow
3. Inhalation: in lungs/ fast
4. Injection:
4a. Intravenously: fastest
4b. Intramuscular: speed depends
33
Mesolimbic pathway and drugs
1. Dopamine released by ventral regimental area in midbrain and sends a signal to mesolimbic/reward pathway (nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus): pathway is stimulated upon dopamine
34
Drug addiction
1. Tolerance: need a higher dose to feel it
2. Cross tolerance: multiple drugs have same effect (Act on same receptors)
3. Dependence: need it
4. Withdrawal: pain from not having it
4a. Acute withdrawal: days-weeks
4b. Post acute withdrawal: physiological and last up to years
35
Therapies for addiction
1. Cognitive behavioural therapy: People recognize their thought patterns associated w substance use
2. Group meetings
3. Motivational interviewing: internal motivation
36
Language theories
1. Nativist theory (Chomsky and pinker): all humans are born w ability to acquire knowledge bc they have LAD that helps brain encode universal grammar
1a. LAD is only active for critical period (0-9) and after it ends language is more difficult
2. Social interactionist theory (Vygotsky): to learn language, children need to interact w adults
3. Behaviourist theory (skinner): children need to learn language through operant conditioning
37
Aphasia
1. Wernickes area in temporal lobe: language comprehension (wernickes aphasia: can’t understand)
2. Broca’s area in frontal lobe: producing speech (Broca’s aphasia: can’t produce speech)
3. Global aphasia: damage to both wernick and Broca’s (can’t understand and produce)
4. Conduction aphasia: damage to arcuate faciculuc (what connects wernickes and Broca’s): difficulty repeating phrases
38
Anomia
1. Can’t think of right name for object
39
Agraphia
1. Can’t write
40
Anarthria
1. Total loss of speech
41
Universalism theory of language
1. What people think dictates a language they will learn
42
Piagets theory of cognitive development
1. When child learns concepts like object permenance and conservation, they can learn the meaning of words according to the concept
43
Vygotsky social interactionist theory
1. Through socialization, child can combine language and thought
44
Linguistic determinism/linguistic relativity hypothesis
1. Weak linguistic determinism: language influences thought
2. Strong linguistic determinism/sapir-whorf hypothesis: the language a person speaks completely determines their thoughts
