Lecture 4: Emotion, Stress And Group Behaviour Flashcards
1
Q
3 components of emotions
A
- Physiological: the way your body reacts/autonomic (ex: heart rate)
- Behavioural: the way you react (ex: frowning, swearing)
- Cognitive: what you think
2
Q
Paul Ekman: 6 universal emotions
A
- Sadness, anger, disgust, fear, surprise, happiness=joy
1a. Newly added: contempt - Emotion is an adaptive trait and evolutionary favoured
3
Q
James-Lange theory of emotion
A
- Stimulus -> physiological + behavioural at same time-> cognitive interpretation
4
Q
Cannon Bard theory of emotion
A
- Stimulus -> physiological + cognitive interpretation at same time -> behavioural
5
Q
Schachter-Singer/2 factor theory of emotion
A
- Stimulus -> physiological -> cognitive appraisal -> behavioural + cognitive interpretation at same time
6
Q
Brain parts that are involved in emotion
A
- Insular cortex: beneath frontal, temporal and parietal lobes is active when we experience emotion
- Limbic system: emotional regulation
2a. Hippocampus: forms new episodic/autobiographical memories & encodes emotional content that it recieves from the amygdala and other parts of
2b. Amygdala: remembered scary details
2c. Cingulate cortex: the posterior one regulates emotion and memory - Olfactory bulb: plays emotions through its connection w other brain regions like smell
7
Q
What can happen if the hippocampus is damaged
A
- anterograde amnesia: difficulty forming new memories
- Retrograde amnesia: old memories are hard to recall
8
Q
Types of stressors
A
- Cataclysmic events: catastrophes that everyone who experiences them gets stressed (ex tornado)
- Personal events
2a. Major life events: marriage, divorce, death etc.
2b. Daily/micro stressors: making decisions, meeting deadlines, having disagreements
2c. Ambient stressors: unavoidable part of environment where a person lives (ex: ambient noise, pollution, traffic etc)
9
Q
2 categories of stressors
A
- Independent stressors: occur regardless of a persons actions or disposition
- Dependent stressors: clearly linked to a persons behaviour
10
Q
Endocrine system during fight or flight
A
- Release of catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Release of cortisol from adrenal cortex: stimulates gluconeogenesis, dampens immune system, causes breakdown of proteins /lipids
11
Q
Tend and befriend response
A
- Increase in nurturing behaviours and engagement in social networks during times of stress which is modulated by oxytocin (social hormone)
1a. Effects of oxytocin are enhanced by estrogens
12
Q
Hans Selye: General adaptation syndrome stages
A
- Alarm: body reacts to a threat by stress
- Resistance: system wide changes dealing w stressor to return to homeostasis
3a. Recovery: if body returns to homeostasis and can adapt to be better prepared for stressor in future
3b. Exhaustion: if body can’t return to homeostasis in resistance exhaustion occurs …can cause death
13
Q
General adaptation syndrome theory overview
A
- Says human stress response is nonspecific
14
Q
Chronic stress affects
A
- Cardiovascular system: constant sympathetic nervous system action=heart works harder=hypertension=heart attack
- Reproductive system: men decrease testosterone, women leads to irregular menstrual cycles, low estrogen/progesterone
- Immune system: declines
- Digestive system: more gut pain, bloating, discomfort
- Metabolism: corticol and epinephrine can reduce insulin sensitivity=diabetes
15
Q
Learned helplessness
A
- Losing the ability to cope w stress
16
Q
Yerkes Dodson law
A
- Simple tasks=performance is better with stress
- Difficult tasks=performance is worse with stress
17
Q
Richard Lazarus: Appraisal theory of stress
A
- When a person labels an event as stressful is called appraisal and has 2 stages:
1a. Primary appraisal: assess stress in the present moment and stress can be irrelevant (no coping needed), benign/positive (no/limited coping needed), stressful (need coping)
1b. Secondary appraisal: persons ability to deal with the event being appraised
18
Q
Adaptive coping techniques
A
- Humor: leads to positive social interactions and promotes social support
- Releasing emotion: healthy, lowers BP
- Physical exercise
- Religious and spiritual practice
- Meditation: promotes relaxation
19
Q
Maladaptive coping techniques
A
- Coping techniques that work in the short term but worsen or have no effect on long term stress levels
20
Q
Social facilitation
A
- Tendency for people to perform differently when others are watching due to levels of arousal (resembles yerkes dodson law)
1a. When task is easy=do better with others around
1b. When task is hard=do worse with others around
21
Q
Hawthorne/Observer effect
A
- When people change their behaviour when they know they are being observed
22
Q
Deindividuation
A
- Loss of self awareness when in a crows or in otherwise anonymous situations
- Effect can lead to people behaving in ways they would not if they were alone
- Can be positive or negative
23
Q
Bystander effect
A
- Observation that a person is less likely to help someone when in a group
1a. Bigger group=less likely to give help
24
Q
Social loafing
A
- When people put less effort working in a group than when working alone
25
Q
Diffusion of responsibility
A
- Contributes to deindividuation, bystander effect and social loafing
- When people take less responsibility for their actions when others are present
26
Q
Confirmity
A
- Act of matching actions or beliefs to those of other people
- Encouraged by social influence, which is how people change their beliefs in response to social pressures…mechanism by which conformity occurs
27
Q
Types of social influence
A
- Normative: people looking to a group of people to decide how to act…wanting to fit in
- Informational: when people copy the behaviour of a group when they don’t know how to act (new situations)
28
Q
Compliance
A
- When a person pretends to agree with social norms but privately holds views that contradict them
1a. Identification: conforming to beliefs of someone trusted or respected
1b. Internalization: when a person conforms publicly and privately
29
Q
Peer pressure
A
- Cause of conformity
30
Q
Obedience
A
- Type of social influence
- When a person follows instructions from an authority figure
31
Q
Solomon asch
A
- Line test that tested conformity
1a. When seeing confederates say that a line is obviously the wrong size, people conformed/agreed w them
32
Q
Milgram obedience experiments
A
- Test peoples tendency to obey authority figures
- Shocks: 2/3 of people went all the way to
33
Q
Zimbardo: Stanford prison experiment
A
- Guards immediately abused the prisoners so the prisoners resisted the guards
- Had to end experiment early
- Conclusion: situational (peoples actions are explained by their situations) attribution is better at explaining how people behave than fundamental (peoples actions are explained by who they are) attribution
- Problems of this study: selection bias (was not a random pop) and demand characteristics (participants likely changed their behaviour to help experiment)
34
Q
Factors that affect conformity
A
- Collectivistic cultures, younger people, women, larger groups increase likelihood of conformity
35
Q
Group polarization
A
- Tendency of group to come to more extreme conclusions after a discussion than the individuals prior to dicussing w the group
- Factors that influence: group identity, in group/out group affliction (more influenced by in group)
36
Q
Groupthink
A
- When people make decisions that prioritize harmony over realistic solutions
37
Q
Social norms
A
- Social norms are values that govern how people behave and are enforced via sanctions: positive to follow social norms and negative to break social forms
- Both norms and sanctions can be formal (written down/recognized/enforced: ex: laws) and informal (not recognized)
38
Q
Two main groups of norms
A
- Folkways: customs/actions a person is expected to follow in a situation (minor consequence for breaking) (right vs rude)
- Mores: norms on moral principles and great consequences for breaking them (right vs wrong)
2a. Taboos: mores expressed in a negative way (don’t sleep w ur sister, eat a person etc)
39
Q
Anomie
A
- Breakdown of social norms between an individual and his society
40
Q
Deviance
A
- Defying social forms due to experiencing anomie
41
Q
Deviance: labelling theory
A
- States that how behaviours are labeled, changes peoples tendency to perform them
1a. Primary deviance: when people break social norms but only recieve minor punishments
1b. Secondary deviance: when people do something bad enough to be labelled deviant
42
Q
Deviance: strain theory
A
- people to turn defiant when they can’t live up to social expectations
43
Q
Deviance: neutralization theory
A
- People justify deviant actions to themselves so they avoid guilt or shame for performing them
44
Q
Deviance: differential association theory
A
- Claims that people learn deviant behaviours from watching others who perform them
45
Q
Collective behaviour
A
- Fads: collective behaviours that spread fast
- Riots: violent collective forms in responses to disagreements
- Mobs: targets individuals instead of priority like riots
- Mass hysteria: outbreak of atypical actions
46
Q
Socialization
A
- Process through which people learn social norms
- Agents of socialization: parents, peers, workplace, mass media
