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Psychology > Lecture 4: Emotion, Stress And Group Behaviour > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Emotion, Stress And Group Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

3 components of emotions

A
  1. Physiological: the way your body reacts/autonomic (ex: heart rate)
  2. Behavioural: the way you react (ex: frowning, swearing)
  3. Cognitive: what you think
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2
Q

Paul Ekman: 6 universal emotions

A
  1. Sadness, anger, disgust, fear, surprise, happiness=joy
    1a. Newly added: contempt
  2. Emotion is an adaptive trait and evolutionary favoured
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3
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A
  1. Stimulus -> physiological + behavioural at same time-> cognitive interpretation
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4
Q

Cannon Bard theory of emotion

A
  1. Stimulus -> physiological + cognitive interpretation at same time -> behavioural
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5
Q

Schachter-Singer/2 factor theory of emotion

A
  1. Stimulus -> physiological -> cognitive appraisal -> behavioural + cognitive interpretation at same time
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6
Q

Brain parts that are involved in emotion

A
  1. Insular cortex: beneath frontal, temporal and parietal lobes is active when we experience emotion
  2. Limbic system: emotional regulation
    2a. Hippocampus: forms new episodic/autobiographical memories & encodes emotional content that it recieves from the amygdala and other parts of
    2b. Amygdala: remembered scary details
    2c. Cingulate cortex: the posterior one regulates emotion and memory
  3. Olfactory bulb: plays emotions through its connection w other brain regions like smell
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7
Q

What can happen if the hippocampus is damaged

A
  1. anterograde amnesia: difficulty forming new memories
  2. Retrograde amnesia: old memories are hard to recall
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8
Q

Types of stressors

A
  1. Cataclysmic events: catastrophes that everyone who experiences them gets stressed (ex tornado)
  2. Personal events
    2a. Major life events: marriage, divorce, death etc.
    2b. Daily/micro stressors: making decisions, meeting deadlines, having disagreements
    2c. Ambient stressors: unavoidable part of environment where a person lives (ex: ambient noise, pollution, traffic etc)
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9
Q

2 categories of stressors

A
  1. Independent stressors: occur regardless of a persons actions or disposition
  2. Dependent stressors: clearly linked to a persons behaviour
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10
Q

Endocrine system during fight or flight

A
  1. Release of catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine
  2. Release of cortisol from adrenal cortex: stimulates gluconeogenesis, dampens immune system, causes breakdown of proteins /lipids
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11
Q

Tend and befriend response

A
  1. Increase in nurturing behaviours and engagement in social networks during times of stress which is modulated by oxytocin (social hormone)
    1a. Effects of oxytocin are enhanced by estrogens
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12
Q

Hans Selye: General adaptation syndrome stages

A
  1. Alarm: body reacts to a threat by stress
  2. Resistance: system wide changes dealing w stressor to return to homeostasis
    3a. Recovery: if body returns to homeostasis and can adapt to be better prepared for stressor in future
    3b. Exhaustion: if body can’t return to homeostasis in resistance exhaustion occurs …can cause death
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13
Q

General adaptation syndrome theory overview

A
  1. Says human stress response is nonspecific
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14
Q

Chronic stress affects

A
  1. Cardiovascular system: constant sympathetic nervous system action=heart works harder=hypertension=heart attack
  2. Reproductive system: men decrease testosterone, women leads to irregular menstrual cycles, low estrogen/progesterone
  3. Immune system: declines
  4. Digestive system: more gut pain, bloating, discomfort
  5. Metabolism: corticol and epinephrine can reduce insulin sensitivity=diabetes
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15
Q

Learned helplessness

A
  1. Losing the ability to cope w stress
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16
Q

Yerkes Dodson law

A
  1. Simple tasks=performance is better with stress
  2. Difficult tasks=performance is worse with stress
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17
Q

Richard Lazarus: Appraisal theory of stress

A
  1. When a person labels an event as stressful is called appraisal and has 2 stages:
    1a. Primary appraisal: assess stress in the present moment and stress can be irrelevant (no coping needed), benign/positive (no/limited coping needed), stressful (need coping)
    1b. Secondary appraisal: persons ability to deal with the event being appraised
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18
Q

Adaptive coping techniques

A
  1. Humor: leads to positive social interactions and promotes social support
  2. Releasing emotion: healthy, lowers BP
  3. Physical exercise
  4. Religious and spiritual practice
  5. Meditation: promotes relaxation
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19
Q

Maladaptive coping techniques

A
  1. Coping techniques that work in the short term but worsen or have no effect on long term stress levels
20
Q

Social facilitation

A
  1. Tendency for people to perform differently when others are watching due to levels of arousal (resembles yerkes dodson law)
    1a. When task is easy=do better with others around
    1b. When task is hard=do worse with others around
21
Q

Hawthorne/Observer effect

A
  1. When people change their behaviour when they know they are being observed
22
Q

Deindividuation

A
  1. Loss of self awareness when in a crows or in otherwise anonymous situations
  2. Effect can lead to people behaving in ways they would not if they were alone
  3. Can be positive or negative
23
Q

Bystander effect

A
  1. Observation that a person is less likely to help someone when in a group
    1a. Bigger group=less likely to give help
24
Q

Social loafing

A
  1. When people put less effort working in a group than when working alone
25
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A
  1. Contributes to deindividuation, bystander effect and social loafing
  2. When people take less responsibility for their actions when others are present
26
Q

Confirmity

A
  1. Act of matching actions or beliefs to those of other people
  2. Encouraged by social influence, which is how people change their beliefs in response to social pressures…mechanism by which conformity occurs
27
Q

Types of social influence

A
  1. Normative: people looking to a group of people to decide how to act…wanting to fit in
  2. Informational: when people copy the behaviour of a group when they don’t know how to act (new situations)
28
Q

Compliance

A
  1. When a person pretends to agree with social norms but privately holds views that contradict them
    1a. Identification: conforming to beliefs of someone trusted or respected
    1b. Internalization: when a person conforms publicly and privately
29
Q

Peer pressure

A
  1. Cause of conformity
30
Q

Obedience

A
  1. Type of social influence
  2. When a person follows instructions from an authority figure
31
Q

Solomon asch

A
  1. Line test that tested conformity
    1a. When seeing confederates say that a line is obviously the wrong size, people conformed/agreed w them
32
Q

Milgram obedience experiments

A
  1. Test peoples tendency to obey authority figures
  2. Shocks: 2/3 of people went all the way to
33
Q

Zimbardo: Stanford prison experiment

A
  1. Guards immediately abused the prisoners so the prisoners resisted the guards
  2. Had to end experiment early
  3. Conclusion: situational (peoples actions are explained by their situations) attribution is better at explaining how people behave than fundamental (peoples actions are explained by who they are) attribution
  4. Problems of this study: selection bias (was not a random pop) and demand characteristics (participants likely changed their behaviour to help experiment)
34
Q

Factors that affect conformity

A
  1. Collectivistic cultures, younger people, women, larger groups increase likelihood of conformity
35
Q

Group polarization

A
  1. Tendency of group to come to more extreme conclusions after a discussion than the individuals prior to dicussing w the group
  2. Factors that influence: group identity, in group/out group affliction (more influenced by in group)
36
Q

Groupthink

A
  1. When people make decisions that prioritize harmony over realistic solutions
37
Q

Social norms

A
  1. Social norms are values that govern how people behave and are enforced via sanctions: positive to follow social norms and negative to break social forms
  2. Both norms and sanctions can be formal (written down/recognized/enforced: ex: laws) and informal (not recognized)
38
Q

Two main groups of norms

A
  1. Folkways: customs/actions a person is expected to follow in a situation (minor consequence for breaking) (right vs rude)
  2. Mores: norms on moral principles and great consequences for breaking them (right vs wrong)
    2a. Taboos: mores expressed in a negative way (don’t sleep w ur sister, eat a person etc)
39
Q

Anomie

A
  1. Breakdown of social norms between an individual and his society
40
Q

Deviance

A
  1. Defying social forms due to experiencing anomie
41
Q

Deviance: labelling theory

A
  1. States that how behaviours are labeled, changes peoples tendency to perform them
    1a. Primary deviance: when people break social norms but only recieve minor punishments
    1b. Secondary deviance: when people do something bad enough to be labelled deviant
42
Q

Deviance: strain theory

A
  1. people to turn defiant when they can’t live up to social expectations
43
Q

Deviance: neutralization theory

A
  1. People justify deviant actions to themselves so they avoid guilt or shame for performing them
44
Q

Deviance: differential association theory

A
  1. Claims that people learn deviant behaviours from watching others who perform them
45
Q

Collective behaviour

A
  1. Fads: collective behaviours that spread fast
  2. Riots: violent collective forms in responses to disagreements
  3. Mobs: targets individuals instead of priority like riots
  4. Mass hysteria: outbreak of atypical actions
46
Q

Socialization

A
  1. Process through which people learn social norms
  2. Agents of socialization: parents, peers, workplace, mass media

Psychology (11 decks)

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