Lecture 7: Learning And Identity Formation

Question 1

Nonassociative vs associative learning

Answer 1

1. Nonassociative: an increase or decrease in response due usually to repeated applications of a single stimulus that is not linked to others (habituation, dishabituation, sensitization)
2. Associative: occurs when new information is acquired during to a connection between 2 things (classical and operant conditioning)

Question 2

Nonassociative learning

Answer 2

1. Habituation: getting used to a stimulus
   1a. 4 factors affect habituation: duration of stimulus, frequency, intensity and change
2. Dishabituation: when introducing a new stimulus removes the effects of habituation and recovers the response
3. Sensitization: occurs when repeated application of a stimulus leads to a progressively stronger repsonse

Question 3

Associative learning: classical conditioning

Answer 3

1. Via Pavlov where a unconditioned stimulus paired with a neutral stimulus causes a conditioned response

Question 4

Associative learning: classical conditioning: stimulus terms

Answer 4

1. Extinction: losing the conditioned repsonse due to a lack of stimulus…if a conditioned repsonse reoccurs it is called spontaneous recovery
2. Renewal effect: when the CR is done in a new environment and present in the original environment
3. Stimulus generalization: generalizing all look alike stimuli to give a CR
4. Higher order conditioning: a CS conditions a NS (classical conditioning)
5. Stimulus discrimination: discriminating between similar CS

Question 5

Associative learning: classical conditioning: therapy

Answer 5

1. Aversive conditioning: attempts to change a behaviour by associated an undesired behaviour NS with a unpleasant experience UCR
   1a. Flooding therapy: payment is usually exposed to the actual object of their fear
   1b. Implosive therapy: patient is asked to imagine object of gear
2. Graduated exposure therapy or systemic desensitizing: eliminates anxiety by replacing it w relaxing
3. Counter conditioning: unwanted response to a stimulus is replaced by a desired response

Question 6

Associative learning: operant conditioning

Answer 6

1. Via skinner: reinforcement increases behaviour and punishment decreases behaviour
   1a. Primary reinforcer: natural/innate (food, sleep, sex)
   1b. Secondary reinforcer: requires conditioning to be rewarding (money, attention)
   1c. Primary punisher: natural/innately unpleasant (pain, heat etc)
   1d. Secondary punisher: requires conditioning to be unpleasant (criticism, mean looks)

Question 7

Associating learning: operant conditioning: shaping

Answer 7

1. Reinforcers are given for approximations of desired response (target response)

Question 8

Associating learning: operant conditioning: escape vs avoidance learning

Answer 8

1. Escape learning: first exposure a person acquires a response
2. Avoidance learning: individual uses what they learnt from escape learning to avoid certain stimuli

Question 9

Associating learning: operant conditioning: reinforcer and punishment schedules

Answer 9

1. Variable ratio: 1 reinforcer/# of behaviours
2. Fixed ratio: 1 reinforcer/behaviour
3. Variable interval: 1 reinforcer / varying time of behaviour
4. Fixed interval: 1 reinforcer/certain time of behaviour

Question 10

Latent learning

Answer 10

1. Occurs without stimulus or reward

Question 11

What affects associative learning

Answer 11

1. Biological predisposition interferes through instinctive drift

Question 12

Observational learning

Answer 12

1. Do smth via how we observe a model: mirror neurons fire when this occurs
2. Via Banduras social cognitive theory: says 4 things need to occur after exposure/before learning
   2a. Attention: observer must pay attention
   2b. Retention: must remember behaviour
   2c. Production: must be able to produce behaviour
   2d. Motivation: must be motivated to copy behaviour
3. Nono doll experiment shows this

Question 13

Mentalizing

Answer 13

1. Second handed embarassment

Question 14

Insight learning

Answer 14

1. An epiphany after deep contemplation

Question 15

Self concept

Answer 15

1. Our mental image of ourselves

Question 16

Rogers: Self actualization

Answer 16

1. Wanting to be the best version of ourselves which is our ideal self … this requires self esteem
   1a. Current version of the self is teh real self

Question 17

Michael Lewis: Components that make up self concept

Answer 17

1. Existential self: awareness that there is a self different from others
2. Categorical self: ability of a person to use categories to define himself

Question 18

Social identity theory:

Answer 18

1. Says self esteem relies on 2 types of identity
   1a. Personal identity: set of qualities that characterizes a person
   1b. Social identity: made of groups a person belongs

Question 19

Self efficacy

Answer 19

1. A persons belief in their ability to do a particular task
2. 4 ways to increase self efficacy: experiences, social persuasion, social modeling and training

Question 20

Ego depletion

Answer 20

1. When a person has low energy levels they give up likely on activities that test their self control

Question 21

Locus of control

Answer 21

1. Internal: everything happens because of me
2. External: i have no control over what happens to me

Question 22

Psychosexual theory of development by Freud

Answer 22

1. Oral: libido is centered around mouth…if fixation occurs problems could be around eating, smoking, nail biting etc.
2. Anal: libido around anus…fixation causes obsessive adults
3. Phallic: libido on own genitals which drives masturbation
   3a. Oedipus complex: boy resents father bs he has a sexual desire to his mom which causes castration anxiety (fear of dad finding out)
   3b. Penis envy: for girls
4. Latency: libido on interaction w people outside family
5. Genital: libido to others genitals

Question 23

Psychosocial stages of development by Erickson

Answer 23

1. Infancy: trust vs mistrust
2. Early childhood: autonomy vs shame/doubt
3. Play age: initiative vs guilt
4. Adolescence: identity vs role confusion
5. Young adult: intimacy vs isolation
6. Adulthood: generativity vs stagnation
7. Old age: integrity vs disparity

Question 24

Identity status theory by Marcia

Answer 24

1. Argues there are 4 main states that a persons identity can be in adolescence
   1a. Identity achievement: i know and like who i am
   1b. Identity moratorium: idk who I am
   1c. Identity foreclosure: i am who i was told I would be
   1d. Identity diffusion: idk or care who I am

Question 25

Kohlberg’s stages of development

Answer 25

1. Preconventional morality
   1a. Don’t want punishments
   1b. Seek rewards
2. Conventional morality
   2a. Good boy/good girl
   2b. Authority
3. Postconventional morality
   3a. Social contracts
   3b. Universal ethics

Question 26

Vygotsky’s social interactionist theory

Answer 26

1. Social interaction is how children learn: learned via taught by a skilled other to get them to the zone of proximal development (what I can do with help)

Question 27

Looking glass self: Cooley

Answer 27

1. Looking glass self: basing your worth on how you think others percieve you
2. its produced by 3 factors
   2a. Imagination of ones own physical appearance to others
   2b. How he imagines others judge his appearance
   2c. Some kind of feeling related to teh first factors

Question 28

Social behaviourism: Mead

Answer 28

1. 2 stages develop the self
   1a. Preparatory stage: child imitates adults without understanding the meaning behind their actions
   1b. Play stage: child engage in role taking based on what they see adults acting out in society
   1c. Game stage: children gain an understanding of how roles function as parts of broader society
2. The 2 components of the real self
   2a. Me: reflects an internalization of societies expectations
   2b. I: spontaneous part that responds to expectations and attitudes

Question 29

Reference groups

Answer 29

1. Who we compare ourselves to to evaluate our own behaviour