Lecture 8

Question 1

condition characterized by abnormally low blood glucose level, your body’s main energy source; brain predominantly uses glucose for metabolic fuel not fats

Answer 1

hypoglycemia

Question 2

condition of high blood sugar; untreated can lead to diabetic coma; persistence causes damage to eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart

Answer 2

hyperglycemia

Question 3

polypeptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas which stimulates uptake of glucose by cells (fed state), storage of energy (stimulates glycogen and lipid biosynthesis)

Answer 3

insulin

Question 4

polypeptide hormone produced by alpha-cells of the pancreas which raises blood glucose level in blood

Answer 4

glucagon

Question 5

transmembrane proteins which facilitate the transport of glucose through the plasma membrane of cells (Glut4 or SLC2A)

Answer 5

glucose transporters

Question 6

tyrosine kinase transmembrane receptor that is activated by insulin, IGF-1, IGF-2 and belongs to the large class of tyrosine kinase receptors

Answer 6

insulin receptor

Question 7

occurs on specific side chains of enzymes or receptors; process inactivates or activates enzymes reversibly

Answer 7

phosphorylation

Question 8

amino acids used in phosphorylation

Answer 8

serine, threonine, tyrosine, and histidine

Question 9

group of hormones that are released after eating and stimulate (augment) the release of insulin from beta cells of pancreas; gastrointestinal hormones that increase pancreatic insulin secretion by binding to and activating the GLP-1 receptor on pancreatic cells

Answer 9

incretins

Question 10

2 main incretins

Answer 10

glucagon like peptide (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

Question 11

degrades DIP and GLP-1 (incretins) within the circulation

Answer 11

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)

Question 12

Raises glucose levels

Answer 12

glucagon

Question 13

secreted by alpha cells in pancreas

Answer 13

glucagon

Question 14

lower glucose levels

Answer 14

insulin

Question 15

secreted by beta cells in pancreas

Answer 15

insulin

Question 16

main source of energy for brain

Answer 16

glucose

Question 17

enzyme catalyzing a phosphorylation reaction

Answer 17

kinase

Question 18

enzyme that removes phosphate residues

Answer 18

phosphatase

Question 19

transmembrane receptor composed of an alpha and beta chain activated by insulin, IGF-1, and IGF-2 and belongs to a class of tyrosine kinase receptors

Answer 19

insulin receptor

Question 20

mediates intestinal absorption of glucose from the diet on the luminal side of the intestinal enterocyte; important in the glucose-mediated secretion of incretin hormones, GIP & GLP-1

Answer 20

SGLT1

Question 21

important in the basolateral efflux of glucose into the blood stream

Answer 21

GLUT2

Question 22

serine protease that lead to increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon levels and improve hyperglycemia

Answer 22

DPP-4 inhibitors