lecture 8 Flashcards
what is the general outline of cellular respiration
glycolysis - glucose - pyruvate - oxidized - acetyl CoA
krebs cycle - 2 ATP, NADH, FADH
electron transport chain - more ATP
important: consumption of O@ and production of CO2
what is metabolism for
chemical energy from eating food
biosynthesis, maintenance, enternal work
where is the waste of energy from metabolism
feces, milk, organic heat
what can metabolism tell you about the organism
the sum of reactions and energy consumption - what it eats, ability to be active, drain on ecosystem
what is direct calorimetry
animal in inner chamber, outer chamber of ice - metabolic heat melts ice
density of ice = 1g/cm^3
1 calorie = energy needed to heat 1g water by 1 degrees C
what is direct and indirect human calorimetry
human on treadmill inside chamber
tube of water above, monitor temp in and temp out
respirometry - measure air in and air out
what is respirometry for fish
fish in swim tunnel - use electrode to measure gas levels before and after swim
is it easier to measure O2 or CO2
O2
what is an example of indirect calorimetry (closed respirometry)
animal in respirometer - u shaped tube wuth coloured water in it attached to reference chamber - both have CO2 absorbent
animal breathing in O2, CO2 absorbed, negative pressure in respirometer -water level rises towards that side - inject O2 back into chamber to see where water level goes back to original
what is a con to closed respirmetry
animals can be sensitive to lack of O2 (hypoxic)
how does indirect calorimetry (open respirometry) work
animal in chamber - air flowing in and out, electrodes monitor gas levels in and out
what is the purpose of an activity detector and how do you interpret it
if the animal is still, the line is flat. if the animal is moving around, the line has activity
you want to measure resting metabolic rate
how does an indirect calorimeter (bomb calorimeter) work
control energy intake of animal and measure how much they are consuming
take feces, place it inside pure O2 inner chamber - water on outer chamber - combust inner chamber - see difference in water temp before and after
what are the 4 types of thermoregulation
poikilothermy - changing temperature with environment
homeothermy - maintaining constant temperature
ectothermy - deriving temperature from environment
endothermy - deriving temperature from metabolism
what does the level of constant metabolic rate depend on
how many clothes you are wearing
no clothes - metabolism becomes constant at higher temperature than with clothes on
what is the thermoneutral zone and what does it consist of
upper critical or lower critical temperature - outside of these and metabolism increases to maintain body temp
basal metabolic rate must be measured within TNZ
does not exist for ectotherms
what is the specific dynamic action
increase in metabolism due to eating and absorbing into gut
fasting = flat line
graph is larger for larger animals
what are the requirements for measuring basal metabolic rate
endotherms - must be fasting, in TNZ, at rest, cannot be sleeping
what are the requirements for measuring standard metabolic rate
ectotherms - must be fasting, at rest, cannot be sleeping
is food requirement proportional to body size
no
what is weight specific metabolic rate
takes kg of tissue compared to BMR rather than whole body weight
what are the graphs comparing weight specific metabolic ratw
klieber line/elepahtn-to-shrew curve
as mass increases, whole animal metabolic rate __ and mass specific metabolic rate __
increases, decreases
why do smaller animals need more food
shorter lifetime - use cellular resources quicker
have a higher MR, faster heart and breathing rate
more mitochondria per unit tissue
run faster
more SA:volume ratio, lose heat faster
environmental - more resources for smaller animals per unit area
what is the constant a in the metabolic rate equation
the specific metabolic rate of an animal
what is the constant b in the metabolic rate equation
for all species, between 0.65-0.75
makes assumption that the animal is a sphere
