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BIOA02 module 2 > lecture 3 > Flashcards

lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are circulating hormone also known as and where are they from

A

endocrine hormones, from endocrine cell in endocrine gland

secretory cell releases hormone into ECF which diffuses into blood, then diffuses out of blood to target cell, bind to receptor to cause something to happen

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2
Q

what are some types of circulating hormones

A

catecholamine hormones - adrenaline and noradrenaline from adrenal glands

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3
Q

what receptors do adrenaline and noradrenaline bind to

A

adrenergetic receptors (alpha and beta)

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4
Q

what are the two parts of the adrenal gland and what do they produce

A

adrenal medulla - inner core, release hormones

outer cortex - produce steroid hormones

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5
Q

what are neurohormones and how do they work - give example of where a neurohormone can come from

A

work like circulating hormones but they are produced by the neuron - hormone released by hypothalamus

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6
Q

what is autocrine signalling

A

hormone released from endocrine/neuron cell - acts on same cell/cell type

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7
Q

what is paracrine signalling

A

hormone released from endocrine/neuron cell and acts on a different type of cell

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of an amine hormone and give examples of the types of hormones

A

tyrosine based, hydrophilic

ex. dopamine (hormone), epinephrine (hormone/neurotransmitter), norepinephrine (neurotransmitter)

catecholamine - catechol and amine group attached - epinephrine and norepinephrine

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9
Q

what does epinephrine actually mean

A

epi = surround
neprhos = kidneys
adrenal glands surround the top of the kidneys

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10
Q

what is an example of a peptide hormone

A

angiotensin I and angiotensin II

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11
Q

what does angiotensin do and how does it work

A

regulate ion and blood pressure

kidneys make enzyme renin - cleaves small part of angiotensin in blood - make angiotensin I - lungs lined with angiotensin converting enzyme - cleaves small part off of angiotensin I - makes angiotensin II

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12
Q

what are steroid hormones

A 
synthesized from cholesterol
lipophilic
from endocrine glands
needs transport protein, cannot circulate blood
ex. glococorticoid
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13
Q

what are the examples of steroid hormones

A

glucocorticoid - cortisol, energy regulation
sex steroid - reproductive, progesterone and testosterone
mineralocorticoid - water/ion balance, aldosterone

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14
Q

how do cell surface receptors work

A

hormone - bind to cell surface receptor - signal transduction pathway - biochemical pathway - goal

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15
Q

what are the types of cell surface receptors

A

cytoplasmic (ion channel) or nuclear (affects transcription)

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16
Q

how does protein kinase work

A

ATP activates kinase - phosphorylates something - makes phosphotase - desphosphorylates something

17
Q

what are the types of intracellular receptors

A

hormone in cytosol - bind to receptor in cytosol - complex travels into nucleus to affect transcription

hormone in nucleus - bind to receptor in nucleus - affect transcription

18
Q

what do neurosecretory cells in hypo make for posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

19
Q

describe the structure of the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland

A

cell bodies are in hypo, axons reach into pituitary

hormones are made in hypo and stored/released in pituitary

20
Q

what does oxytocin do

A

muscle contraction, milk production

21
Q

what does antidiuretics do and what are its applications

A

increase water absorption in kidneys

diuretics, cause more urine to be produced

alcohol, inhibits ADH - dehydration

high blood pressure - take diuretics to pee out water

22
Q

describe the structure of the hypo and the anterior pituitary gland

A

hormones made in hypo - travel down axon - capillary bed of hypo - portal vein - capillary bed in anterior pituitary

23
Q

what do neurosecretory cells in hypo make for the anterior pituitary gland

A

releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

24
Q

what is the name of the portal vein - capillary bed system b/t the hypo and anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamus-pituitary portal system

25
Q

describe the hypo-pituitary-thyroid axis

A

hypo releases thyroid releasing hormone - hypo capillary bed - portal vein - pituitary capillary bed - pituitary makes thyroid stimulating hormone - blood - thyroid gland - release T3 and T4 - feedback to hypo and pituitary to stop release of hormones

26
Q

describe the function of thyroid and parathyroid glands

A

calcitonin released by thyroid when Ca is high - deposit Ca in bones, reduce reuptake of Ca in kidneys

parathyroid hormone released by parathyroid when Ca is low - increase kidney absorption, release of Ca from bone to blood, activate vitamin D in small intestines to absorb more Ca

27
Q

what is the function of T3 and T4

A

metabolism and growth regulation

28
Q

describe the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

A

hypo releases corticotropic releasing hormone - hypo capillary bed - portal vein - pituitary capillary bed - pituitary release adrenocorticotropic hormone - blood - adrenal gland - release steroids like cortisol - feedback to hypo and pituitary

29
Q

what is the function of cortisol

A

breaks down glycogen, protein, triglycerides

30
Q

what is the purpose of the adrenal gland and describe its parts

A

adrenal cortex - steroids, long term stress response

adrenal medulla - catecholamine, short term stress response, cardiovascular and respiratory function, energy

31
Q

what are beta and alpha cells in pancrease called

A

islets of langerhans

32
Q

which cells produce insulin and glucagon

A

insulin = beta

glucagon = alpha

33
Q

describe the release of insulin and glucagon by the pancreas

A

high blood glucose - beta cells - insulin - cells take up glucose - liver convert glucose to glycogen

low blood glucose - alpha cells - glucagon - liver break down glycogen to glucose

34
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

not enough insulin

35
Q

what is type 2 diabetes and how does it work compared to normal

A

insulin does not work normally

normal: insulin binds to receptor - signal transduction pathway, glucose transport on plasma membrane takes up glucose

diabetes - signal transduction pathway does not work

36
Q

what are some causes of type 2 diabetes

A

reaction of protein C by fat cells - obesity - affects sensitivity of receptors

37
Q

what are the long term complications of diabetes (3)

A

atherosclerosis - narrowing of blood vessels (nitric oxide)

gangrene - due to atherosclerosis, tissue damage that leads to necrosis and amputation

diabetic retinopathy - ischemia (lack of blood and O2 to the eye), neovascularization (production of newer and waeker vessels), haemorrhage (internal bleeding), blindness

BIOA02 module 2 (10 decks)

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