lecture 3

Question 1

what are circulating hormone also known as and where are they from

Answer 1

endocrine hormones, from endocrine cell in endocrine gland

secretory cell releases hormone into ECF which diffuses into blood, then diffuses out of blood to target cell, bind to receptor to cause something to happen

Question 2

what are some types of circulating hormones

Answer 2

catecholamine hormones - adrenaline and noradrenaline from adrenal glands

Question 3

what receptors do adrenaline and noradrenaline bind to

Answer 3

adrenergetic receptors (alpha and beta)

Question 4

what are the two parts of the adrenal gland and what do they produce

Answer 4

adrenal medulla - inner core, release hormones

outer cortex - produce steroid hormones

Question 5

what are neurohormones and how do they work - give example of where a neurohormone can come from

Answer 5

work like circulating hormones but they are produced by the neuron - hormone released by hypothalamus

Question 6

what is autocrine signalling

Answer 6

hormone released from endocrine/neuron cell - acts on same cell/cell type

Question 7

what is paracrine signalling

Answer 7

hormone released from endocrine/neuron cell and acts on a different type of cell

Question 8

what are the characteristics of an amine hormone and give examples of the types of hormones

Answer 8

tyrosine based, hydrophilic

ex. dopamine (hormone), epinephrine (hormone/neurotransmitter), norepinephrine (neurotransmitter)

catecholamine - catechol and amine group attached - epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 9

what does epinephrine actually mean

Answer 9

epi = surround
neprhos = kidneys
adrenal glands surround the top of the kidneys

Question 10

what is an example of a peptide hormone

Answer 10

angiotensin I and angiotensin II

Question 11

what does angiotensin do and how does it work

Answer 11

regulate ion and blood pressure

kidneys make enzyme renin - cleaves small part of angiotensin in blood - make angiotensin I - lungs lined with angiotensin converting enzyme - cleaves small part off of angiotensin I - makes angiotensin II

Question 12

what are steroid hormones

Answer 12

synthesized from cholesterol
lipophilic
from endocrine glands
needs transport protein, cannot circulate blood
ex. glococorticoid

Question 13

what are the examples of steroid hormones

Answer 13

glucocorticoid - cortisol, energy regulation
sex steroid - reproductive, progesterone and testosterone
mineralocorticoid - water/ion balance, aldosterone

Question 14

how do cell surface receptors work

Answer 14

hormone - bind to cell surface receptor - signal transduction pathway - biochemical pathway - goal

Question 15

what are the types of cell surface receptors

Answer 15

cytoplasmic (ion channel) or nuclear (affects transcription)

Question 16

how does protein kinase work

Answer 16

ATP activates kinase - phosphorylates something - makes phosphotase - desphosphorylates something

Question 17

what are the types of intracellular receptors

Answer 17

hormone in cytosol - bind to receptor in cytosol - complex travels into nucleus to affect transcription

hormone in nucleus - bind to receptor in nucleus - affect transcription

Question 18

what do neurosecretory cells in hypo make for posterior pituitary

Answer 18

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Question 19

describe the structure of the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland

Answer 19

cell bodies are in hypo, axons reach into pituitary

hormones are made in hypo and stored/released in pituitary

Question 20

what does oxytocin do

Answer 20

muscle contraction, milk production

Question 21

what does antidiuretics do and what are its applications

Answer 21

increase water absorption in kidneys

diuretics, cause more urine to be produced

alcohol, inhibits ADH - dehydration

high blood pressure - take diuretics to pee out water

Question 22

describe the structure of the hypo and the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 22

hormones made in hypo - travel down axon - capillary bed of hypo - portal vein - capillary bed in anterior pituitary

Question 23

what do neurosecretory cells in hypo make for the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 23

releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

Question 24

what is the name of the portal vein - capillary bed system b/t the hypo and anterior pituitary

Answer 24

hypothalamus-pituitary portal system

Question 25

describe the hypo-pituitary-thyroid axis

Answer 25

hypo releases thyroid releasing hormone - hypo capillary bed - portal vein - pituitary capillary bed - pituitary makes thyroid stimulating hormone - blood - thyroid gland - release T3 and T4 - feedback to hypo and pituitary to stop release of hormones

Question 26

describe the function of thyroid and parathyroid glands

Answer 26

calcitonin released by thyroid when Ca is high - deposit Ca in bones, reduce reuptake of Ca in kidneys

parathyroid hormone released by parathyroid when Ca is low - increase kidney absorption, release of Ca from bone to blood, activate vitamin D in small intestines to absorb more Ca

Question 27

what is the function of T3 and T4

Answer 27

metabolism and growth regulation

Question 28

describe the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Answer 28

hypo releases corticotropic releasing hormone - hypo capillary bed - portal vein - pituitary capillary bed - pituitary release adrenocorticotropic hormone - blood - adrenal gland - release steroids like cortisol - feedback to hypo and pituitary

Question 29

what is the function of cortisol

Answer 29

breaks down glycogen, protein, triglycerides

Question 30

what is the purpose of the adrenal gland and describe its parts

Answer 30

adrenal cortex - steroids, long term stress response

adrenal medulla - catecholamine, short term stress response, cardiovascular and respiratory function, energy

Question 31

what are beta and alpha cells in pancrease called

Answer 31

islets of langerhans

Question 32

which cells produce insulin and glucagon

Answer 32

insulin = beta

glucagon = alpha

Question 33

describe the release of insulin and glucagon by the pancreas

Answer 33

high blood glucose - beta cells - insulin - cells take up glucose - liver convert glucose to glycogen

low blood glucose - alpha cells - glucagon - liver break down glycogen to glucose

Question 34

what is type 1 diabetes

Answer 34

not enough insulin

Question 35

what is type 2 diabetes and how does it work compared to normal

Answer 35

insulin does not work normally

normal: insulin binds to receptor - signal transduction pathway, glucose transport on plasma membrane takes up glucose

diabetes - signal transduction pathway does not work

Question 36

what are some causes of type 2 diabetes

Answer 36

reaction of protein C by fat cells - obesity - affects sensitivity of receptors

Question 37

what are the long term complications of diabetes (3)

Answer 37

atherosclerosis - narrowing of blood vessels (nitric oxide)

gangrene - due to atherosclerosis, tissue damage that leads to necrosis and amputation

diabetic retinopathy - ischemia (lack of blood and O2 to the eye), neovascularization (production of newer and waeker vessels), haemorrhage (internal bleeding), blindness