lecture 3 Flashcards
what are circulating hormone also known as and where are they from
endocrine hormones, from endocrine cell in endocrine gland
secretory cell releases hormone into ECF which diffuses into blood, then diffuses out of blood to target cell, bind to receptor to cause something to happen
what are some types of circulating hormones
catecholamine hormones - adrenaline and noradrenaline from adrenal glands
what receptors do adrenaline and noradrenaline bind to
adrenergetic receptors (alpha and beta)
what are the two parts of the adrenal gland and what do they produce
adrenal medulla - inner core, release hormones
outer cortex - produce steroid hormones
what are neurohormones and how do they work - give example of where a neurohormone can come from
work like circulating hormones but they are produced by the neuron - hormone released by hypothalamus
what is autocrine signalling
hormone released from endocrine/neuron cell - acts on same cell/cell type
what is paracrine signalling
hormone released from endocrine/neuron cell and acts on a different type of cell
what are the characteristics of an amine hormone and give examples of the types of hormones
tyrosine based, hydrophilic
ex. dopamine (hormone), epinephrine (hormone/neurotransmitter), norepinephrine (neurotransmitter)
catecholamine - catechol and amine group attached - epinephrine and norepinephrine
what does epinephrine actually mean
epi = surround
neprhos = kidneys
adrenal glands surround the top of the kidneys
what is an example of a peptide hormone
angiotensin I and angiotensin II
what does angiotensin do and how does it work
regulate ion and blood pressure
kidneys make enzyme renin - cleaves small part of angiotensin in blood - make angiotensin I - lungs lined with angiotensin converting enzyme - cleaves small part off of angiotensin I - makes angiotensin II
what are steroid hormones
synthesized from cholesterol lipophilic from endocrine glands needs transport protein, cannot circulate blood ex. glococorticoid
what are the examples of steroid hormones
glucocorticoid - cortisol, energy regulation
sex steroid - reproductive, progesterone and testosterone
mineralocorticoid - water/ion balance, aldosterone
how do cell surface receptors work
hormone - bind to cell surface receptor - signal transduction pathway - biochemical pathway - goal
what are the types of cell surface receptors
cytoplasmic (ion channel) or nuclear (affects transcription)
how does protein kinase work
ATP activates kinase - phosphorylates something - makes phosphotase - desphosphorylates something
what are the types of intracellular receptors
hormone in cytosol - bind to receptor in cytosol - complex travels into nucleus to affect transcription
hormone in nucleus - bind to receptor in nucleus - affect transcription
what do neurosecretory cells in hypo make for posterior pituitary
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
describe the structure of the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland
cell bodies are in hypo, axons reach into pituitary
hormones are made in hypo and stored/released in pituitary
what does oxytocin do
muscle contraction, milk production
what does antidiuretics do and what are its applications
increase water absorption in kidneys
diuretics, cause more urine to be produced
alcohol, inhibits ADH - dehydration
high blood pressure - take diuretics to pee out water
describe the structure of the hypo and the anterior pituitary gland
hormones made in hypo - travel down axon - capillary bed of hypo - portal vein - capillary bed in anterior pituitary
what do neurosecretory cells in hypo make for the anterior pituitary gland
releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones
what is the name of the portal vein - capillary bed system b/t the hypo and anterior pituitary
hypothalamus-pituitary portal system
describe the hypo-pituitary-thyroid axis
hypo releases thyroid releasing hormone - hypo capillary bed - portal vein - pituitary capillary bed - pituitary makes thyroid stimulating hormone - blood - thyroid gland - release T3 and T4 - feedback to hypo and pituitary to stop release of hormones
describe the function of thyroid and parathyroid glands
calcitonin released by thyroid when Ca is high - deposit Ca in bones, reduce reuptake of Ca in kidneys
parathyroid hormone released by parathyroid when Ca is low - increase kidney absorption, release of Ca from bone to blood, activate vitamin D in small intestines to absorb more Ca
what is the function of T3 and T4
metabolism and growth regulation
describe the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
hypo releases corticotropic releasing hormone - hypo capillary bed - portal vein - pituitary capillary bed - pituitary release adrenocorticotropic hormone - blood - adrenal gland - release steroids like cortisol - feedback to hypo and pituitary
what is the function of cortisol
breaks down glycogen, protein, triglycerides
what is the purpose of the adrenal gland and describe its parts
adrenal cortex - steroids, long term stress response
adrenal medulla - catecholamine, short term stress response, cardiovascular and respiratory function, energy
what are beta and alpha cells in pancrease called
islets of langerhans
which cells produce insulin and glucagon
insulin = beta
glucagon = alpha
describe the release of insulin and glucagon by the pancreas
high blood glucose - beta cells - insulin - cells take up glucose - liver convert glucose to glycogen
low blood glucose - alpha cells - glucagon - liver break down glycogen to glucose
what is type 1 diabetes
not enough insulin
what is type 2 diabetes and how does it work compared to normal
insulin does not work normally
normal: insulin binds to receptor - signal transduction pathway, glucose transport on plasma membrane takes up glucose
diabetes - signal transduction pathway does not work
what are some causes of type 2 diabetes
reaction of protein C by fat cells - obesity - affects sensitivity of receptors
what are the long term complications of diabetes (3)
atherosclerosis - narrowing of blood vessels (nitric oxide)
gangrene - due to atherosclerosis, tissue damage that leads to necrosis and amputation
diabetic retinopathy - ischemia (lack of blood and O2 to the eye), neovascularization (production of newer and waeker vessels), haemorrhage (internal bleeding), blindness
