lecture 1 Flashcards
what is medical physiology
medicine and hospital related
what is comparative physiology
using different animals to compare to each other
what are the branches of physiology
mechanical, evolutionary, environmental
what are the major themes of physiology
acclimatization, adaptation, feedback, feedforward, structure compared to function, conformity or regulation
what are the time domains of physiological change
acute changes, chronic changes, changes in development, circadian rhythms, evolutionary changes
what is the environmental conditions of high altitudes
cold, low O2, thin air
what is the environmental conditions of burrows
low O2, high CO2, narcosis
what is the environmental conditions of water
low O2, high CO2, pollutants (hydrogen sulfide), darkness, salinity changes
what is the environmental conditions of atacama desert
lithium salt, dry
what is the environmental conditions of changes in salinity
loss/gain of ions
what are brackish waters
tide coming in and out changing salinity constantly
what is the environmental conditions of hydrothermal vents
water plumes, cold, high pressure, low O2, no light
how do organisms deal with hydrothermal vents
tube worms, symbiosis with bacteria to fix carbon, use sulfur instead of O2 for metabolism
what are the two mains parts of the nervous system
central NS and peripheral NS
what is a part of PNS
efferent and afferent
what are the parts of efferent NS
somatic and autonomic
what is the somatic NS for
skeletal muscle, motor neurons
what is the autonomic NS for
sympathetic (stimulatory) and parasympathetic (inhibitory)
what are the exceptions to sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
salivary glands and release of acid into the stomach is stimulated by parasympathetic and inhibited by sympathetic
what are the interneurons in the nervous reflex arc
inhibitory interneuron and stimulatory interneuron
how does the nervous reflex arc apply to touching a hot stove
pain receptor - sensory receptor - action potential - afferent - PNS - stimulatory interneuron - efferent - activate biceps to move arm away from stove
pain receptor - sensory receptor - afferent - PNA - inhibitory interneuron - efferent - relax triceps so arm can bend
what are the types of sensory systems (receptors)
chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors
what are the two ways chemical receptors can work
stimulus binds to receptor on plasma membrane - cause ion channel to open - action potential
cell senses stimulus - receptor on inside of cell activated - sends secondary messenger - ion channel opens - action potential
how does a pressure receptor work
pressure applied directly on receptor - ion channel opens - action potential
