lecture 11

Question 1

what does the digestive tract consist of

Answer 1

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

Question 2

what do the accessory organs consist of

Answer 2

salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

Question 3

what are the general processes of the digestive tract

Answer 3

motility, secretion, absorption, digestion

Question 4

what are the three types of salivary gland and where are they

Answer 4

parotid glands - either side of cheek

sublingual glands - under tongue

submandibular gland - under lower jaw

Question 5

what are the major components of saliva

Answer 5

bicarbonate - neutralize environment for anylase

amylase - breaks down carbs, needs alkaline environment

mucous - make food slide

lysozome - destroy bacteria in mouth

Question 6

what are mumps

Answer 6

infection of parotid glands, swelling of cheeks

Question 7

what are the swelling of the brain, spinal cord, and testicles called

Answer 7

encephalitis, meningitis, orchitis

Question 8

what are the characteristics of the esophagus

Answer 8

thin walled, pliant, collapses when there is no food

Question 9

what are the sphincters associated with the esophagus

Answer 9

upper esophageal sphincter - b/t mouth and esophagus

lower esophageal sphincter - b/t esophagus and stomach, prevent acid refluz

Question 10

what is acid reflux

Answer 10

backflow of acidic stomach contents into esophagus

Question 11

what is acid reflux also known as

Answer 11

heartburn

gastroesophageal disease (GERD)

Question 12

what causes acid reflux

Answer 12

pressure in abdomen, hiatal hernia, nicotine (relaxing lower sphincter)

Question 13

what is esophagitis

Answer 13

irritation of esophagus - infection

Question 14

how do you treat mild acid reflux

Answer 14

take medicine to reduce stomach pH

Question 15

what is barrett’s esophagus

Answer 15

when cells in lower esophagus becomes acid resistant - precursor to esophageal cancer

Question 16

what is a hiatal (diaphragmatic) hernia

Answer 16

the stomach pushed into thoracic cavity through hiatus of diaphragm

further heart burn, unconfortable

Question 17

what are the processes of the stomach

Answer 17

mechanical (mixing) and chemical (digestive enzymes)

Question 18

what are the components of the stomach

Answer 18

fundus, body, antrum

gastric pits

pyloric sphincter

rugae, lumen, chyme

Question 19

what are the three main cell types of gastric pits and what do they secrete

Answer 19

parietal cells - HCl, break down tissue, kill pathogens, activate pepsin

chief cells - release pepsinogen - cleaved by HCl - pepsin - protein breakdown

mucous cells - mucous, lubricate food and protective layer

Question 20

what happens if there is no more mucous secreted for the protective layer of the stomach

Answer 20

stomach will self-digest

Question 21

what do FW fish do with the HCl that are secreted into the stomach

Answer 21

move Cl into gill when losing it to water

exchanged back for proton and bicarbonate

hydration of CO2 in the body, proton goes to the stomach and bicarbonate is dissolved into the blood

Question 22

what are gastric ulcers and what are they caused by

Answer 22

caused by hylicobacter pylori - secretes enzymes to destroy stomach lining - acid and pepsin will cause holes in the stomach - bleeding and infections

Question 23

what are the parts of the small intestines

Answer 23

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 24

what is the valve between the small and large intestines

Answer 24

ileocecal valve

Question 25

what is the main purpose of the small intestines

Answer 25

absorb nutrients

Question 26

what are the materials in large intestines called

Answer 26

feces

Question 27

what are the parts of the large intestine

Answer 27

cecum (appendix), ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

Question 28

what is the main job of the large intestines

Answer 28

reabsorb water and ions

Question 29

what is the defecation reflex

Answer 29

muscle contractions push feces from sigmoid colon into rectum - anus - internal sphincter (opens with stretch) - external sphincter

Question 30

what is the purpose of the appendix

Answer 30

no function, evolutionary neonatal, made immune cells adults, lymphatic system makes immune system instead

Question 31

what age do immune cells stop producing

Answer 31

60

Question 32

what is appendicitis and what are the conditions/treatments associated with it

Answer 32

the opening of appendix blocked by feces - inflammation and infection mild case = antibiotics paritonitis - eruption of the appendix appendectomy - remove appendix pain on the lower right side

Question 33

what is diverticulosis

Answer 33

diverticuli - walls of intestines weaken, lining bulges out diverticulitis - infected or inflamed bulge pain on left side, usually in sigmoidal colon caused by fecalith/painkillers antibiotics or colon resection

Question 34

what is a megacolon

Answer 34

hard feces make colon wall swollen, pinch on urethra, can't urinate

Question 35

what is colonoscopy

Answer 35

camera through the anus to see the large intestines and check for abnormalities

Question 36

what does the pancreas do for digestion

Answer 36

makes inactive digestive enzymes - pancreatic duct with secretory cells - duodenum

Question 37

what is pancreatitis and what is it caused by

Answer 37

pancreas inflamed . can be due to active digestive enzymes in pancreas/pancreatic duct - caused by alcohol consumption - pancreatic cancer

Question 38

what does the liver do for digestion

Answer 38

makes bile stores in gallbladder when not eating goes through bile duct to duodenum if eating

Question 39

how does bile work

Answer 39

gut is aqueous solution, bile binds to large fat globules, pulls it apart to smaller fat globules so lipase can break it down easier

Question 40

what do foul feces that floats mean

Answer 40

high fat content, abnormal production of bile

Question 41

what are gallstones

Answer 41

precipitate of cholesterol and bile from the gallbladder blocks the ducts

Question 42

what is endoscopy

Answer 42

camera going through mouth to the duodenum to grab the gallstone and remove it

Question 43

what does a liver do

Answer 43

filter blood, susceptible to poison

Question 44

what is jaundice

Answer 44

yellowing of the skin caused by bilirubin bilirubin is supposed to remove waste from haemoglobin and gives body waste their colour liver not working = bilirubin not filtered

Question 45

what is liver cirrhosis

Answer 45

due to alcohol consumption, interfere with metabolism of mitochondria in liver cells makes fat globules - liver is shiny scar tissue - takes over liver tissue - lost liver function - need liver transplant

Question 46

describe the hormone regulation for appetite

Answer 46

ghrelin - produced in stomach - goes to hypo - ghrelin receptors - stimulate appetite leptin - made in fat cells - stimulate fullness more adipose tissue - more leptin - more resistance to feeling full - eat more - make more adipose tissue