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BIOA02 module 2 > lecture 11 > Flashcards

lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the digestive tract consist of

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

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2
Q

what do the accessory organs consist of

A

salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

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3
Q

what are the general processes of the digestive tract

A

motility, secretion, absorption, digestion

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4
Q

what are the three types of salivary gland and where are they

A

parotid glands - either side of cheek

sublingual glands - under tongue

submandibular gland - under lower jaw

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5
Q

what are the major components of saliva

A

bicarbonate - neutralize environment for anylase

amylase - breaks down carbs, needs alkaline environment

mucous - make food slide

lysozome - destroy bacteria in mouth

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6
Q

what are mumps

A

infection of parotid glands, swelling of cheeks

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7
Q

what are the swelling of the brain, spinal cord, and testicles called

A

encephalitis, meningitis, orchitis

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of the esophagus

A

thin walled, pliant, collapses when there is no food

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9
Q

what are the sphincters associated with the esophagus

A

upper esophageal sphincter - b/t mouth and esophagus

lower esophageal sphincter - b/t esophagus and stomach, prevent acid refluz

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10
Q

what is acid reflux

A

backflow of acidic stomach contents into esophagus

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11
Q

what is acid reflux also known as

A

heartburn

gastroesophageal disease (GERD)

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12
Q

what causes acid reflux

A

pressure in abdomen, hiatal hernia, nicotine (relaxing lower sphincter)

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13
Q

what is esophagitis

A

irritation of esophagus - infection

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14
Q

how do you treat mild acid reflux

A

take medicine to reduce stomach pH

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15
Q

what is barrett’s esophagus

A

when cells in lower esophagus becomes acid resistant - precursor to esophageal cancer

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16
Q

what is a hiatal (diaphragmatic) hernia

A

the stomach pushed into thoracic cavity through hiatus of diaphragm

further heart burn, unconfortable

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17
Q

what are the processes of the stomach

A

mechanical (mixing) and chemical (digestive enzymes)

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18
Q

what are the components of the stomach

A

fundus, body, antrum

gastric pits

pyloric sphincter

rugae, lumen, chyme

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19
Q

what are the three main cell types of gastric pits and what do they secrete

A

parietal cells - HCl, break down tissue, kill pathogens, activate pepsin

chief cells - release pepsinogen - cleaved by HCl - pepsin - protein breakdown

mucous cells - mucous, lubricate food and protective layer

20
Q

what happens if there is no more mucous secreted for the protective layer of the stomach

A

stomach will self-digest

21
Q

what do FW fish do with the HCl that are secreted into the stomach

A

move Cl into gill when losing it to water

exchanged back for proton and bicarbonate

hydration of CO2 in the body, proton goes to the stomach and bicarbonate is dissolved into the blood

22
Q

what are gastric ulcers and what are they caused by

A

caused by hylicobacter pylori - secretes enzymes to destroy stomach lining - acid and pepsin will cause holes in the stomach - bleeding and infections

23
Q

what are the parts of the small intestines

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

24
Q

what is the valve between the small and large intestines

A

ileocecal valve

25
Q

what is the main purpose of the small intestines

A

absorb nutrients

26
Q

what are the materials in large intestines called

A

feces

27
Q

what are the parts of the large intestine

A

cecum (appendix), ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

28
Q

what is the main job of the large intestines

A

reabsorb water and ions

29
Q

what is the defecation reflex

A

muscle contractions push feces from sigmoid colon into rectum - anus - internal sphincter (opens with stretch) - external sphincter

30
Q

what is the purpose of the appendix

A

no function, evolutionary

neonatal, made immune cells
adults, lymphatic system makes immune system instead

31
Q

what age do immune cells stop producing

A

60

32
Q

what is appendicitis and what are the conditions/treatments associated with it

A

the opening of appendix blocked by feces - inflammation and infection

mild case = antibiotics

paritonitis - eruption of the appendix

appendectomy - remove appendix

pain on the lower right side

33
Q

what is diverticulosis

A

diverticuli - walls of intestines weaken, lining bulges out

diverticulitis - infected or inflamed bulge

pain on left side, usually in sigmoidal colon

caused by fecalith/painkillers

antibiotics or colon resection

34
Q

what is a megacolon

A

hard feces make colon wall swollen, pinch on urethra, can’t urinate

35
Q

what is colonoscopy

A

camera through the anus to see the large intestines and check for abnormalities

36
Q

what does the pancreas do for digestion

A

makes inactive digestive enzymes - pancreatic duct with secretory cells - duodenum

37
Q

what is pancreatitis and what is it caused by

A

pancreas inflamed . can be due to active digestive enzymes in pancreas/pancreatic duct - caused by alcohol consumption - pancreatic cancer

38
Q

what does the liver do for digestion

A

makes bile

stores in gallbladder when not eating

goes through bile duct to duodenum if eating

39
Q

how does bile work

A

gut is aqueous solution, bile binds to large fat globules, pulls it apart to smaller fat globules so lipase can break it down easier

40
Q

what do foul feces that floats mean

A

high fat content, abnormal production of bile

41
Q

what are gallstones

A

precipitate of cholesterol and bile from the gallbladder

blocks the ducts

42
Q

what is endoscopy

A

camera going through mouth to the duodenum to grab the gallstone and remove it

43
Q

what does a liver do

A

filter blood, susceptible to poison

44
Q

what is jaundice

A

yellowing of the skin caused by bilirubin

bilirubin is supposed to remove waste from haemoglobin and gives body waste their colour

liver not working = bilirubin not filtered

45
Q

what is liver cirrhosis

A

due to alcohol consumption, interfere with metabolism of mitochondria in liver cells

makes fat globules - liver is shiny

scar tissue - takes over liver tissue - lost liver function - need liver transplant

46
Q

describe the hormone regulation for appetite

A

ghrelin - produced in stomach - goes to hypo - ghrelin receptors - stimulate appetite

leptin - made in fat cells - stimulate fullness
more adipose tissue - more leptin - more resistance to feeling full - eat more - make more adipose tissue

BIOA02 module 2 (10 decks)

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