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BIOA02 module 2 > lecture 6 > Flashcards

lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the partial pressures of atmospheric gases

A

78% N2, 21% O2, 0.03% CO2

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2
Q

what is the atmospheric pressure and what are the conditions

A

0% humidity, includes vapour pressure, 760 mmHg

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3
Q

what is hyperoxia, hypoxia, normoxia

A

-Hypoxia (decreased inspired O2), hyperoxia (increased inspired O2), normoxia (normal inspired O2)

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4
Q

what is hypocapnia, hypercapnia, normocapnia

A

Hypocapnia (decreased inspired CO2), hypercapnia (increased inspired CO2), normocapnia (normal inspired CO2)

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5
Q

what are the characteristics of air

A

30x more O2 than water, O2 diffuses 10,000x better in air than water

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6
Q

what are the characteristics of O2 in water

A

water is 1000x denser than air, 50x more vicous than air, more energy needed to move through water

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7
Q

what are the general forms of respiration

A

active ventilation, passive ventilation, tidal ventilation (uni-directional and non-directional)

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8
Q

what are external gills found on

A

tadpoles and octopus

tadpoles have external gills early on, lose them for internal gills, lose gills altogether

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9
Q

how do external gills work

A

passive and unidirectional

structures or tentacles flap around, tubes pumping water in and out

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10
Q

what are internal gills found on

A

aquatic invertebrates (squid)

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11
Q

how do internal gills on squid work

A

gills inside mantle cavity that expands to suck water in through opening at bottom, ventilate the gills - cavity contracts to push water out bottom and propel squid

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12
Q

how do internal gills on crustaceans work

A

gills at legs between carapace and body wall - scaphognathite at head that propels water forward, negative pressure in body cavity sucks water in to ventilate gills

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13
Q

how do external gills in spiders (terrestrial) work

A

book lungs have epithelium - air flow between them to ventilate gills, air comes back out

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14
Q

how do internal gills on fish that use exclusively internal gills work

A

water goes in through mouth - buccal cavity - through gills - operculum cavity - opercular opening/gill slit

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15
Q

where are the gills positioned in the fish

A

under operculum

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16
Q

what are the structures associated with fish gills

A

gill arch - each has gill 2 gill filaments - each filament has secondary lamellae (site of gas exchange)

17
Q

how many gills are on each side of a fish

A

4

18
Q

how do blood vessels run on the gills and what is this mechanism called

A

blood vessels pass through the lamellae, water flows through in b/t lamella

crosscurrent exchange

19
Q

what are the types of breathers

A

obligate and facultative breathers

20
Q

what is a swimbladder

A

gas in it for buoyancy - fish goes to surface to get air, perform gas exchange, let g of a little gas at a time, sink at the same time

21
Q

how do catfish breathe

A

swallow air into oral cavity into gut - gas exchange - flatulent to signal predators

the die without water because they dry out not because they do not have water

22
Q

what are the arapaima gigas (piaruchu) and what type of breather are they

A

obligate in newborn, facultatuve in juvenile, obligate air in adult

23
Q

describe how mudskippers are facultative breathers

A

tide goes out - burrow filled with water - gas exchange in water - O2 lowers - breathe pockets of air - O2 pressure is <40torr - come out to breathe air - tide comes in - fills burrow with O2 again - go back into the burrow

24
Q

what type of breathers are lungfish and how do their lungs look

A

obligate water breathers

they have many chambers in lungs to increase SA for effective gas exchange, blood vessels on walls

25
Q

how do amphibian lungs work

A

bags of air, no divisions, partitions that do not increase SA, no trachea or diaphragm

breathe through nares/gills - new air into buccal cavity - old air in lungs are at higher pressure than buccal cavity - open glottis - lungs collapse - old air exit through upper buccal cavity and nares - nares close - raise floor of mouth - push air into lungs - close glottis - open nares

26
Q

what is it called when amphibians raise the floor of their mouth to push new air into the lungs

A

buccal force pump

27
Q

how do reptilian lungs work

A

small chambers, similar to lungfish, have trachea and larynx leading to mouth, no diaphragm

suction lungs - negative pressure cause new air to be sucked in

28
Q

reptiles use the same muscles to breathe and to run

A

they still breathe when they are running, supplementary mechanisms are used

29
Q

what is the evolutionary history of birds

A

from dinosaurs, lungs should resemble closely

30
Q

what are the characteristics of bird lungs

A

rigid, not like other vertebrates, modified bags of air, do not change volume, have air sacs

31
Q

what are the bird lungs made out of

A

bronchi or parabronchi

32
Q

describe how a bird breathes

A

1st inspiration - air - trachea - posterior sacs

1st expiration - air - posterior sacs - lungs

2nd inspiration - air - lungs - anterior sacs

2nd expiration - air sacs contract - push air out of trachea

1st and 2nd inspiration happen at the same time

33
Q

how does crosscurrent gas exchange work in bird lungs

A

blood vessels run parallel to bronchi, air capillaries run perpendicular to bronchi

34
Q

describe the mammalian/human lung

A

air - nose/nouth - pharynx - larynx - epiglottis - glottis - trachea (rigid) - bronchi - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles - alveolar sacs - alveoli - lined with blood vessels

35
Q

what makes up the human chest wall

A

ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae, internal and external intercoastal muscles

36
Q

where is the diaphragm located

A

primary respiratory muscle in mammals, between thoracic and abdomen cavity

BIOA02 module 2 (10 decks)

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