Lecture 8

Question 1

what are the primary transport functions of the cardiovascular system

Answer 1

• supply cells with O2 and nutrients
• remove products of metabolism
• heat regulation
• transport endocrine hormones
• immune functions

Question 2

what is the structure (basic) of the cardiovascular system

Answer 2

two systems in series (pulmonary and systemic)

Question 3

characteristics of the pulmonary system (3)

Answer 3

• low pressure
• reoxygenation
• more of a time limited system

Question 4

what are the characteristics of the systemic system (4)

Answer 4

• high pressure
• deoxygenation
• 5 times the pressure of the pulmonary system
• far more complex than the pulmonary system

Question 5

why does parallel flow occur within the systemic and pulmonary system

Answer 5

due to successive branching of vessels

Question 6

VO2 rises linearly with …

Answer 6

power output

Question 7

Cardiac output rises linearly with …

Answer 7

VO2

Question 8

what is the equation of VO2

Answer 8

cardiac output (SV x HR) times “a-VO2 difference”

“a-VO2 difference” is the difference between the amount of oxygen that goes into your muscles and the amount that comes out of them

Question 9

what are the four things that aerobic power and fitness depends on

Answer 9

your ability to …

1. increase cardiac output (SV and HR)
2. carry arterial oxygen
3. redistribute blood floe to active muscles
4. extract oxygen from blood in muscles

Question 10

what is autorhythimicity

Answer 10

the heart beats by itself without nervous innovation

Question 11

which ventricle is thicker and why

Answer 11

left ventricle is thicker, generating 5 times the pressure of the other

because the blood leaving the left ventricle must be pumped around the whole body

Question 12

what is the mitochondrial density like in the heart

Answer 12

VERY HIGH mitochondrial density

Question 13

is systole contraction or relaxation

Answer 13

contraction

Question 14

is diastole contraction or relaxation

Answer 14

relaxation

Question 15

during submaximal exercise what % is cardiac output lower in trained people

Answer 15

5-10% lower, as more efficient when trained

Question 16

what % is cardiac output higher in females during submaximal exercise

Answer 16

5-10% higher, as less O2 per unit of blood as less Hb

Question 17

will an athlete or untrained person begin exercise with a higher stroke volume

Answer 17

athletes = stronger and larger heart generally

Question 18

what is a key factor about stretching the ventricles more to get a higher stoke volume

Answer 18

as the ventricle stretches more, the muscle will have a better length tension relationship so you can contract it more optimally

Question 19

why are athletes able to have a lower heart rate during exercise across time

Answer 19

they have a higher stroke volume

Question 20

during exercise what happens to sympathetic and parasympathetic activity

Answer 20

increased sympathetic activity on the SA node

decreased parasympathetic activity on the SA node

Question 21

how does heart rate respond to exercise intensity

Answer 21

heart rate will increase linearly, until VO2 max as exercise intensity is increasing

Question 22

why do athletes reach a similar heart rate max but at a much higher work rate as exercise intensity increases

Answer 22

because they have a lower HR at rest and also less HR rise as a function of absolute workrate

so therefore they reach a similar HRmax, but at a much higher work rate

Question 23

what is the two equations for working out someones max HR

Answer 23

220 - age

or

208 - (0.7*age)

Question 24

what is a major component as to why max cardiac output decreases with age

Answer 24

max heart rate decreases with age

• also decreased muscle quality and valve stiffness