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SPEX 203 > Lecture 31 > Flashcards

Lecture 31 Flashcards

Aerobic Conditioning

1
Q

is blood volume trainable

A

very trainable and have big advantages

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2
Q

more blood volume would increase someones what

A

increase their VO2 max

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3
Q

blood volume is equal to what

A

plasma volume + red blood cell volume

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4
Q

increased plasma volume leads to increased what and therefore what

A

increased venous return, therefore stroke volume

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5
Q

what is the key benefit to increased plasma volume from training

A

increased stroke volume

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6
Q

what are the other benefits to increased plasma volume from training

A

increased thermoregulation

off sets increased viscosity of increased red blood cell volume

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7
Q

how quickly can you measure the effects of training on increased plasma volume

A

takes only one day to become clearly measureable

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8
Q

what does increased red cell volume lead to

A

increased O2 delivery

decreased demand for peripheral blood flow

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9
Q

how quickly can you measure the effects of training on increased red cell volume

A

takes ~3 weeks to become measurable / apparent

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10
Q

plasma volume and red cell volume increase to a similar extent, but what do you not get more of

A

you do not get more O2 per litre of blood

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11
Q

how to stimulate increased blood volume in training

A
  • heat
  • long duration activity ?
  • dehydration ?
  • contractile activity (causes fluid shifts)
  • upright during recovery
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12
Q

who will have greater blood volume, swimmers or cyclists

A

cyclists, because they exercise upright where as swimmers don’t

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13
Q

how does vascularisation influence O2 extraction and utilisation

A
  • arteries and aretioles
  • capillarisation
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14
Q

what is capillarisation

A

number of capillaries around each muscle fibre

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15
Q

what are the muscle factors that influence O2 extraction and utilisation

A
  • fibre size and type
  • mitochondria
  • myoglobin
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16
Q

what mitochondria in muscle factors that influence O2 extraction and utilisation

A

mitochondrial …..

  • size
  • number
  • cellular location
  • oxidative enzyme concentrations
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17
Q

signals from exercise drive a wide range of adaptations to muscle, what are they

A

increased enzymes for energy storage and breakdown

increased slow twitch myosin

increased capillarisation

increased antioxidant capacity

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18
Q

what are the main changes to the systemic vascular capacity due to training

A
  • larger arteries and arterioles
  • some new networks of arteries and arterioles
  • more capillaries
19
Q

how does training increase systemic vascular capacity

A
  1. metabolic signals locally
  2. shear stress in blood vessels is regulated
20
Q

how is shear stress in blood vessels regulated during exercise

A

increased nitric oxide production, so increased vessel dilation

21
Q

capillarisation due to endurance training means what

A

more capillaries around each muscle fibre

22
Q

endurance trained people have more capillaries surrounding what that untrained people

A

more capillaries around each muscle fibre

23
Q

how does capillarisation aid exchange

A

decreased diffusion distance

increased time for exchange

increased blood flow into tissue

24
Q

how does capillarisation increase time for exchange

A

more places for blood to flow so it slows down which means there is more time for exchange

25
Q

how is capillarisation related to size of the fibre

A

bigger fibres need more capillaries

26
Q

how is capillarisation related to fibre type (mitochondrial density)

A

oxidative fibres need more capillaries

27
Q

what is the response of size of fibre in response to aerobic training

A

size : endurance training causes hypertrophy of Type I fibres (~30% larger)

28
Q

in response to aerobic training what does the muscle fibres switch in favour of

A

switch in type Type II fibres towards IIa

29
Q

what happens to all fibres due to aerobic training

A

all fibres become more oxidative

30
Q

how to recruit (and therefore adapt) the type II fibres (aerobic training)

A

increase force (size principle of recruitment)

31
Q

endurance training does what in terms of mitochondria

A

increased quantity of mitochondrial protein

32
Q

what happens to aerobic enzymes in response to aerobic training and what are examples of these

A

proportional increase quantity of aerobic enzymes

  • krebbs cycle and electron transport chain = to make ATP aerobically
33
Q

increased aerobic enzymes due to aerobic training means what for metabolism

A

increased ability for aerboic metabolism

34
Q

glycogen sparing in exercise means you have a greater ability to

A

greater ability to :

  • metabolise fat
  • save CHO for bursts (glycolysis) and endurance (oxidation) later

-

35
Q

the effects of glycogen sparing helps. ….. and this allows for

A

helps increase endurance and allows higher training volume

36
Q

glycogen sparing in exercise is strongly related to and caused by :

A
  • capillarisation
  • mitochondrial volume
37
Q

how is capillarisation related to glycogen sparing

A

increased local O2 availability

increased fatty acids delivery

38
Q

how does mitochondrial volume related to glycogen sparing

A

increased O2 utilisation

increased fatty acid uptake

increased NADH

maintain increased ATP/ADP ratio, so glycolysis inhibited

39
Q

what makes oxidative muscles red

A

myoglobin (as does capillarisation)

40
Q

what % of muscle is myoglobin

A

only 0.7%

41
Q

what does myoglobin do

A
  • ready source of O2
  • aid diffusion of O2 from membrane to mitochondria
42
Q

what can possibly happen to myoglobin in endurance trained

A

possibly increase

43
Q

what can be used as a marker of muscle damage

A

myoglobin in blood can be used as a marker of muscle damage

SPEX 203 (33 decks)

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