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lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what is clinical trauma classed as?

A

DSM-5 classes a traumatic event as exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence

impacts quality of life- stress response afterwards

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2
Q

what is common for definitions of resilience?

A

positive response/adaptation to negative circumstances

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3
Q

what is the outcome pattern for resilience?

A

stable trajectory of healthy functioning after adversity

bounce back, and flexibly adapt

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4
Q

how do resilience questionnaires work?

A

measured like a trait

questions about how you generally react to stressors

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5
Q

how do resilience trajectories work?

A

measure after the event- longitudnal

identifies people that show a resilient outcome pattern over time

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6
Q

who researched reactions to adversity?

A

Bonanno (2004)

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7
Q

what does Bonanno describe resilience as?

A

mild disruption to normal functioning after the event, declines over time

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8
Q

what does Bonanno describe recovery as?

A

moderate symptoms after the event, declines over time

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9
Q

what does Bonanno describe delayed functioning as?

A

mild-moderate symptoms after the event, these increase to be severe over time

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10
Q

what does Bonanno describe chronic disruption to normal functioning as?

A

severe symptoms, both at the time of the event and afterwards

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11
Q

what did Norris, Tracy and Galea (2009) find out about reactions to adversity?

A

disagreements in how resilience is defined across different definitions

graphs can differ even if they are supposed to show the same concept

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12
Q

what was resilience viewed as historically?

A

rare- not many people were thought to be resilient

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13
Q

historically, what did bereavement theorists view resilience as?

A

viewed absent grief as a rare, pathological reaction

suppressing an emotional response, or mustn’t have been very close to the person they lost

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14
Q

how did Bonanno, Wortman et al (2002) investigate resilience in bereavement?

A

prospective, longitudnal study

205 participants

depression was measured pre-loss, 6 months and 18 months after loss of a spouse

participants were categorised based on how much they changed

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15
Q

what three categories did Bonanno, Wortman et al (2002) place grieving participants into?

A

resilience
common grief
chronic grief

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16
Q

what was Bonanno, Wortman et al’s description of resilience?

A

low pre loss depression

no significant change at 6 and 18 months

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17
Q

what was Bonanno, Wortman et al’s description of common grief?

A

low pre loss depression

high at 6 months

no difference at 18 months from pre loss

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18
Q

what was Bonanno, Wortman et al’s description of chronic grief?

A

low pre loss depression

high depression at both 6 and 18 months

19
Q

how did Bonanno, Wortman et al (2002) classify people’s resilience prevalence in bereavement?

A

46%= resilient
11%= common grief
15%= chronic grief

20
Q

what did Bonanno, Wortman et al (2002) find out about resilience in bereveament?

A

most people were resilient

no evidence in differences due to attachment styles

resilient people are still affected by bereavement- not to the extent where it impacts their daily functioning

21
Q

how did Mancini, Bonanno and Clark (2011) measure resilience?

A

looked at how resilient people are after spousal loss or divorce
16,795 partipants from the German Socioeconomic Panel
used a statistical technique: Latent Growth Mixture Modelling

22
Q

what does Latent Growth Mixture modelling do?

A

identifies sub-populations in the data
investigates whether there are different outcome trajectories for each sub-group

23
Q

what did Mancini, Bonanno and Clark (2011) find out about resilience?

A

used the LGMM
subjective wellbeing was used as the outcome measure

majority= resilient

some acute recovery= declining wellbeing a bit before the loss, gradually improves with time

fewer= chronic low= lower levels of wellbeing, only a small decrease at the loss

few= wellbeing improves after the loss

24
Q

who researched resilience prevalence in divorce?

A

Mancini, Bonanno and Clark, 2011

25
Q

how did Mancini, Bonanno and Clark (2011) investigate resilience in divorce?

A

used GSEOP data

629 people who had experienced divorce

subjective wellbeing= outcome measure

LGMM used

26
Q

what did Mancini, Bonanno and Clark (2011) find about resilience in divorce?

A

majority of people showed resilience

fewer people showed moderately decreasing subjective wellbeing

few people showed moderately increasing subjective wellbeing

27
Q

who investigated if resilience is the common trajectory?

A

Norris et al, 2009

28
Q

how did Norris et al (2009) investigate if resilience is the common trajectory?

A

used longitudnal data in response to two disasters

two communities severely affected by 1999 floors in Mexico, and residents of NYC after the 911 terrorist attacks

measured PTSD symptoms post-disaster

29
Q

how did Norris et al (2009) define resilience?

A

stability is better characterised as resistence, and adaptability is better characterised as resilience

30
Q

what did Norris find the resistance and resilience to be after the 1999 flood disaster in Mexico?

A

resistance= 34.5%
resilience= 32%

31
Q

what did Norris find the resistance and resilience to be after the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the USA?

A

40.1% resistance

10.1% resilience

32
Q

what did Norris et al suggest about prevelance rates of resistance and resilience?

A

how you measure resilience matters

there are cross cultural differences

cannot say if resilience or resistance is more common- depends on the definition of resilience used

33
Q

who investigated how common resilience is?

A

Infurna and Luthar, 2016

34
Q

how did Infurna and Luthar (2016) investigate resilience prevalence rates?

A

used life satisfaction as the outcome measure

for each life event, 3 separate models: same model specification as usual, variance of outcome trajectories differered within subgroups, mean and variances differed between subgroups and within subgroups

35
Q

what did Infurna and Luthar (2016) find out about resilience rates for spousal loss and divorce?

A

different models show different resilience rates when the parameters are changed

36
Q

what sort of things can resilience be defined as?

A

absence of depression symptoms

reduction in PTSD symptoms

stable pattern of subjective wellbeing

37
Q

how did Cosco et al (2017) perform a systematic review?

A

systematic review of the measurement of resilience in longitudnal studies

36 papers in the review- which included longitudnal data, were operationalised and measured resilience, had published peer-reviewed research

38
Q

how did Cosco et al (2017) find that resilience was measured in longitudnal studies?

A

psychometric questionnaires

definition driven methods (conducting a priori research)

data driven methods to identify resilient subgroups

39
Q

what did Cosco et al, 2017 find out about defining resilience?

A

most studies defined resilience as the absence of distress or impairment, not the maintenance of wellbeing

40
Q

who investigated whether resilience is multidimensional?

A

Infurna and Luthar, 2017

41
Q

how did Infurna and Luthar, 2017 investigate if resilience is multidimensional?

A

421 individuals who were widowed during the study

selected multiple domains of adjustment: life satisfaction/positive emotions/negative emotions/general emotions/general health/physical functioning in daily activities

wanted to see how much it impaired day to day life

42
Q

what did Infurna and Luthar, 2017 find out about a multidimensional appriach to resilience?

A

5 years before and after bereavement

resilience outcome trajectories were defined as stable for functioning over time

resilience is only the most common outcome for life satisfaction

only 8% of the sample showed a resilient trajectory across all 5 domains of functioning

43
Q
A

personality lectures (9 decks)

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