lecture 8 Flashcards
what is clinical trauma classed as?
DSM-5 classes a traumatic event as exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence
impacts quality of life- stress response afterwards
what is common for definitions of resilience?
positive response/adaptation to negative circumstances
what is the outcome pattern for resilience?
stable trajectory of healthy functioning after adversity
bounce back, and flexibly adapt
how do resilience questionnaires work?
measured like a trait
questions about how you generally react to stressors
how do resilience trajectories work?
measure after the event- longitudnal
identifies people that show a resilient outcome pattern over time
who researched reactions to adversity?
Bonanno (2004)
what does Bonanno describe resilience as?
mild disruption to normal functioning after the event, declines over time
what does Bonanno describe recovery as?
moderate symptoms after the event, declines over time
what does Bonanno describe delayed functioning as?
mild-moderate symptoms after the event, these increase to be severe over time
what does Bonanno describe chronic disruption to normal functioning as?
severe symptoms, both at the time of the event and afterwards
what did Norris, Tracy and Galea (2009) find out about reactions to adversity?
disagreements in how resilience is defined across different definitions
graphs can differ even if they are supposed to show the same concept
what was resilience viewed as historically?
rare- not many people were thought to be resilient
historically, what did bereavement theorists view resilience as?
viewed absent grief as a rare, pathological reaction
suppressing an emotional response, or mustn’t have been very close to the person they lost
how did Bonanno, Wortman et al (2002) investigate resilience in bereavement?
prospective, longitudnal study
205 participants
depression was measured pre-loss, 6 months and 18 months after loss of a spouse
participants were categorised based on how much they changed
what three categories did Bonanno, Wortman et al (2002) place grieving participants into?
resilience
common grief
chronic grief
what was Bonanno, Wortman et al’s description of resilience?
low pre loss depression
no significant change at 6 and 18 months
what was Bonanno, Wortman et al’s description of common grief?
low pre loss depression
high at 6 months
no difference at 18 months from pre loss
what was Bonanno, Wortman et al’s description of chronic grief?
low pre loss depression
high depression at both 6 and 18 months
how did Bonanno, Wortman et al (2002) classify people’s resilience prevalence in bereavement?
46%= resilient
11%= common grief
15%= chronic grief
what did Bonanno, Wortman et al (2002) find out about resilience in bereveament?
most people were resilient
no evidence in differences due to attachment styles
resilient people are still affected by bereavement- not to the extent where it impacts their daily functioning
how did Mancini, Bonanno and Clark (2011) measure resilience?
looked at how resilient people are after spousal loss or divorce
16,795 partipants from the German Socioeconomic Panel
used a statistical technique: Latent Growth Mixture Modelling
what does Latent Growth Mixture modelling do?
identifies sub-populations in the data
investigates whether there are different outcome trajectories for each sub-group
what did Mancini, Bonanno and Clark (2011) find out about resilience?
used the LGMM
subjective wellbeing was used as the outcome measure
majority= resilient
some acute recovery= declining wellbeing a bit before the loss, gradually improves with time
fewer= chronic low= lower levels of wellbeing, only a small decrease at the loss
few= wellbeing improves after the loss
who researched resilience prevalence in divorce?
Mancini, Bonanno and Clark, 2011
how did Mancini, Bonanno and Clark (2011) investigate resilience in divorce?
used GSEOP data
629 people who had experienced divorce
subjective wellbeing= outcome measure
LGMM used
what did Mancini, Bonanno and Clark (2011) find about resilience in divorce?
majority of people showed resilience
fewer people showed moderately decreasing subjective wellbeing
few people showed moderately increasing subjective wellbeing
who investigated if resilience is the common trajectory?
Norris et al, 2009
how did Norris et al (2009) investigate if resilience is the common trajectory?
used longitudnal data in response to two disasters
two communities severely affected by 1999 floors in Mexico, and residents of NYC after the 911 terrorist attacks
measured PTSD symptoms post-disaster
how did Norris et al (2009) define resilience?
stability is better characterised as resistence, and adaptability is better characterised as resilience
what did Norris find the resistance and resilience to be after the 1999 flood disaster in Mexico?
resistance= 34.5%
resilience= 32%
what did Norris find the resistance and resilience to be after the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the USA?
40.1% resistance
10.1% resilience
what did Norris et al suggest about prevelance rates of resistance and resilience?
how you measure resilience matters
there are cross cultural differences
cannot say if resilience or resistance is more common- depends on the definition of resilience used
who investigated how common resilience is?
Infurna and Luthar, 2016
how did Infurna and Luthar (2016) investigate resilience prevalence rates?
used life satisfaction as the outcome measure
for each life event, 3 separate models: same model specification as usual, variance of outcome trajectories differered within subgroups, mean and variances differed between subgroups and within subgroups
what did Infurna and Luthar (2016) find out about resilience rates for spousal loss and divorce?
different models show different resilience rates when the parameters are changed
what sort of things can resilience be defined as?
absence of depression symptoms
reduction in PTSD symptoms
stable pattern of subjective wellbeing
how did Cosco et al (2017) perform a systematic review?
systematic review of the measurement of resilience in longitudnal studies
36 papers in the review- which included longitudnal data, were operationalised and measured resilience, had published peer-reviewed research
how did Cosco et al (2017) find that resilience was measured in longitudnal studies?
psychometric questionnaires
definition driven methods (conducting a priori research)
data driven methods to identify resilient subgroups
what did Cosco et al, 2017 find out about defining resilience?
most studies defined resilience as the absence of distress or impairment, not the maintenance of wellbeing
who investigated whether resilience is multidimensional?
Infurna and Luthar, 2017
how did Infurna and Luthar, 2017 investigate if resilience is multidimensional?
421 individuals who were widowed during the study
selected multiple domains of adjustment: life satisfaction/positive emotions/negative emotions/general emotions/general health/physical functioning in daily activities
wanted to see how much it impaired day to day life
what did Infurna and Luthar, 2017 find out about a multidimensional appriach to resilience?
5 years before and after bereavement
resilience outcome trajectories were defined as stable for functioning over time
resilience is only the most common outcome for life satisfaction
only 8% of the sample showed a resilient trajectory across all 5 domains of functioning
