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personality lectures > lecture 5 > Flashcards

lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

who defined intelligence?

A

Stenberg and Detterman (1986)

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2
Q

what do common psychological definitions for intelligence include?

A

higher level abilities
valued by culture
executive processes

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3
Q

what are the executive processes behind intelligence?

A

regulating the flow of information towards goal achievement

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4
Q

what does Stenberg define intelligence as?

A

the mental ability necessary for adaptation to, as well as shaping and selection, of any environmental context

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5
Q

how is intelligence usually assessed?

A

by IQ

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6
Q

how do we measure IQ?

A

standardised to a mean score of 100, and a standard deviation of 15

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7
Q

what is norming?

A

administering IQ test to a representative sample of a population to obtain norms for different subgroups

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8
Q

how can individual differences in cognitive abilities be measured?

A

by predictive validity and reductionistic validity studies

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9
Q

what do predictive validity studies show?

A

the real life impact of cognitive differences, eg) educational achievement

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10
Q

what do reductionistic validity studies show?

A

the cognitive impact of individual differences, eg) differences in reaction time

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11
Q

who proposed a hierachical structure of intelligence?

A

Spearman

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12
Q

what does Spearman suggest intelligence can be split into?

A

fluid intelligence
crystalised intelligence

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13
Q

what is fluid intelligence?

A

inherited ability to reason and think

reasoning/problem solving

doesn’t depend on education

biologically- in the prefrontal cortex

declines later in life

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14
Q

what is crystalised intelligence?

A

accumulated knowledge across a life time

verbal and general knowledge

depends on education

increases over time

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15
Q

what are the heritability estimates for intelligence?

A

between 0.42 and 0.62, up to 0.80

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16
Q

what is heritability?

A

overlap between multiple generations, eg) the overlap between your and your parent’s intelligence

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17
Q

who proposed the heritability gap?

A

Plomin and Deary, 2015

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18
Q

what is the heritability gap?

A

lots of genes make small contributions to a certain trait

a lot of reported correlations are false positives

don’t just share genes with parents, but also the environment

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19
Q

what is the interactionist approach?

A

genes and the environment interact

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20
Q

what is Spearman’s hypothesis?

A

people’s performance of a cognitive test was correlated with their performance on other comparable cognitive tests

proposed a common factor g= cognitive capability

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21
Q

what has Spearman’s hypothesis found out about race differences in IQ?

A

stronger a test was correlated with IQ, the wider difference in Black and White American’s performance on the test

Black and White differences correlated with a test’s g loading

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22
Q

what has current research found about genetic differences in IQ?

A

no significant genetic determination of racial differences in IQ

23
Q

what is the Flynn Effect?

A

the generational rise in IQ by an average of 10 percentage points, seen over 14+ countries

24
Q

what gains are particularly large in the Flynn Effect?

A

fluid intelligence
our biological potential changes over time

25
Q

what can the Flynn effect be explained by?

A

social multipliers
averaging
gene-environment matching

26
Q

what are social multipliers?

A

environmental factors potentially contributing to an increase in IQ

27
Q

what are two main social multipliers?

A

education
nutrition

28
Q

how does education affect an increase in IQ?

A

for every additional year people spend in education, their IQ increases

nowadays people spend longer in education

29
Q

how does nutrition improve intelligence?

A

nutrition standards have improved

we have developed ways to produce food more efficiently

this gives people the ability to reach their potential

30
Q

what is matching?

A

gene environment correlation

people seek out environments which match their phenotype

this increases their initial ability-optimal environment expresses the genes

31
Q

what is averaging?

A

as an individual’s ability increases, this influences the people around them

so the population average increases

32
Q

how does age impact heritability?

A

heritability increases with age

40%= childhood
60%= adulthood
80%= old age

33
Q

why does heritability increase with age?

A

gene environment correlation

genes need the appropriate environment to be expressed

people with a high IQ seek out high IQ contexts- as they get older their intelligence shows

34
Q

how does socio economic status impact heritability?

A

heritability is high for high socio-economic status, and is virtually zero for low socio-economic status

35
Q

why does socio economic status impact heritability?

A

gene environment interaction

more resources in high socio economic status allow genes for IQ to be expressed

also impacted by the stability of the family

36
Q

what is genetic influence?

A

specific genes which code for a trait

37
Q

why is IQ malleable?

A

heritability is not the same as genetic influence

gene-environment interplay also occurs

38
Q

who investigated the relationship between brain volume and IQ?

A

McDaniel, 2005

39
Q

what is the relationship between brain volume and IQ?

A

higher IQ is associated with larger brain volumes

only a low correlation, but is consistent across studies

40
Q

what does the P-FIT theory represent?

A

intelligence through a set of processes in the brain

41
Q

what is the first step in the P-FIT theory?

A

dealing with sensory information taken in from the world

42
Q

what is the second step in the P-FIT theory?

A

symbolic processing, and meaning making of the received information

43
Q

what is the third step in the P-FIT theory?

A

parieto-frontal integration, reasoning and decision making

44
Q

what is the fourth step in the P-FIT theory?

A

making a decision or selecting a response

45
Q

who investigated the relationship between personality and IQ?

A

Chamorro-Premuzic and Furnham, 2008

46
Q

what is the relationship between personality and IQ?

A

can help or hinder your performance

examined FFM traits and IQ to predict university exams a year later

once IQ is controlled for, conscientiousness explains an extra 27% of performance

47
Q

who investigated the interaction between personality and IQ?

A

Ackerman, 2018

48
Q

what is the interaction between IQ and personality?

A

personality guides you to particular interests

can invest the intelligence you have into this

49
Q

who proposed Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences?

A

Gardner, 1999

50
Q

what is Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences?

A

intelligence is a biopsychological potential used to process information

can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems/create useful products

51
Q

what was Gardner concerned by?

A

the tendency to only focus on linguistic/logical mathematical symbolism in educational settings

52
Q

what are the 8 forms of intelligence Gardner proposes?

A

musical= music smart

visual-spatial= picture smart

bodily kinesthetic= body smart

interpersonal= people smart

verbal linguistic= word smart

logical mathematical= logical smart

naturalistic= nature smart

intrapersonal= self smart

53
Q
A

personality lectures (9 decks)

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