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personality lectures > lecture 6 > Flashcards

lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the DSM-5 suggest that personality disorders are?

A

enduring patterns of inner experience and behaviour that deviates from cultural expectations, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence/early adulthood, is stable over time and leads to impairment

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2
Q

what is inner experience impacted by?

A

cognitions

affectivity

interpersonal functioning

impulse control

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3
Q

what does it mean for a personality disorder to be stable?

A

can be traced back to adolescence or before

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4
Q

what are the two forms of classification for a personality disorder?

A

categorical classification

dimensional classification

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5
Q

what is categorical classification?

A

absence or presence of a mental disorder

qualitatively distinct from each other, and normal personality

no assumptions about their underlying dimensions/structure

used by the DSM-5

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6
Q

what is dimensional classfication?

A

continuous dimensions of traits

quantitvely distinct from normal personality

extreme and maladaptive levels of personality traits

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7
Q

how many clusters is the categorical classification composed of?

A

3

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8
Q

what are the personality disorders in cluster a?

A

paranoid
schizoid
schizotypal

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9
Q

what are the personality disorders in cluster b?

A

antisocial
borderline
histrionic
narcissistic

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10
Q

what are the personality disorders in cluster c?

A

avoidant
dependent
obsessive-compulsive

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11
Q

what is paranoid personality disorder?

A

distrust and suspicion of others across contexts and without reason

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12
Q

what is schizoid personality disorder?

A

detachment from relationships and restricted emotional expression

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13
Q

what is schizotypal personality disorder?

A

pervasive discomfort with relationships

eccentric behaviour and cognitive or perceptual distortions

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14
Q

what is the similarity between disorders in cluster a?

A

not wanting to confide in people

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15
Q

what is antisocial personality disorder?

A

pervasive disregard of the rights of others, since or before 15 years of age

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16
Q

what is borderline personality disorder?

A

pervasive instability of inter-personal relationships, self-image and affect

marked impulsivity

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17
Q

what is histrionic personality disorder?

A

pervasive and excessive emotionality and attention seeking behaviours

18
Q

what is narcisstic personality disorder?

A

grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy

19
Q

what are the similarities between disorders in cluster b?

A

experiencing high intensity emotions, displaying erratic/provocative behaviours/altered perceptions of others

20
Q

what is avoidant personality disorder?

A

pervasive social inhibition, inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

21
Q

what is dependent personality disorder?

A

pervasive need to be taken care of
submissive and clingy behaviour

22
Q

what is obsessive compulsive personality disorder?

A

pervasive pre occupation with order, perfection and control, at the cost of flexibility

23
Q

what are the similarities between disorders in cluster c?

A

underlying fear/anxiety behind behaviour/avoiding situations or people

24
Q

why does hopwood et al (2018) criticise categorical classification of personality disorders?

A

instead we should use dimensional classification

no evidence to support discrete personality disorder categories- comorbidity between categories

25
Q

why does Marinageli et al (2000) criticise categorical classification of personality disorders?

A

examined comorbidity in personality disorder classification

156 participants were voluntarily admitted to a psychiatric ward

a large percentage of people received multiple diagnoses

suggests there is an underlying dimension

26
Q

why did Costa and McCrae (1992) criticise the categorical classification of personality disorders?

A

Five Factor Model: psychoticism is also considered to be a dimensional personality trait

should see a relationship between the personality disorders and 5 factor model

27
Q

why did Samuel and Widiger (2008) criticise the categorical classification of personality disorders?

A

conducted a meta-analysis of studies measuring the 30 facets of the Five Factor Model and categorical personality disorders

high neuroticism is associated with most personality disorders

openness to experience doesn’t seem to be related

28
Q

what was Widiger and Simonsen (2005) dimensional approach to personality disorders?

A

reviewed proposals which could update the DSM-3 with a dimensional approach to Personality Disorder Classification

proposals can be integrated into a hierachial strcuture of maladaptive personality traits

5 broad traits are:
extraversion-introversion

antagnonism-compliance

constraint-impulsivity

negative affect-emotional stability

unconventiality-closed to experience

29
Q

how does the trait of detachment relate to FFM?

A

absence of extraversion

30
Q

how does the trait of disinhibition relate to FFM?

A

absence of consc

31
Q

how does the trait of negative affect relate to FFM?

A

presence of neuroticism

32
Q

how does the trait of psychoticism relate to FFM?

A

no clear consensus

33
Q

what are the stages in Skodol et al’s alternative model for assessing personality disorders?

A

step 1: assess impairment in personality functioning

step 2: assess pathological personality traits/dimensional traits

step 3a: apply criteria A and B for specific personality disorders/categorical personality disorders

step 3b: apply criteria A and B for personality disorder trait specified

step 4: apply other inclusion and exclusion criteria

34
Q

what is criteria A?

A

maladaptive personality functioning assessed from 0 (no impairment) to 5 (extreme impairment)

35
Q

what is the hybrid approach to assessing personality disorders?

A

moderate impairment in at least two areas of identity/self direction/empathy/intimacy

experience 4+ of the 7 facets of maladaptive traits

36
Q

what did Samuel et al (2013) find out about personality disorders?

A

clinical sample of 370 participants receiving treatment for substance abuse

55% antisocial, 33% borderline, 18% avoidant

self report measures of traits from the FFM, and a clinical interview for personality disorders

neuroticism trait was the main trait

37
Q

what did Suzuki et al (2017) investigate about personality disorders?

A

looked at how similar traits are in the FFM and DSM-5 alternative model

neuroticism vs negative affect had the highest similarity

openness vs psychoticism had the lowest similarity

38
Q

what did Ahmed et al (2013) find out about the clinical utility of dimensional classification?

A

compared taxonic vs dimensional classification of schizotypal personality disorder

participants completed the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV

found a higher correlation for the dimensional approach

39
Q

what did Anderson et al (2014) find out about the clinical utility of the dimensional classification?

A

compared taxonic vs dimensional classification of borderline personality disorder

looked at key outcomes, eg) self-harm, risky sexual behaviours

clinical sample of newly admitted patients, and a university sample of 399 students

administered the PID-5 for maladaptive traits, and the DSM-4 Axis II personality questionnaire

in both samples, categorical (taxonic) and dimensional maladaptive traits were correlated with key outcomes, and the dimensional maladaptive trait model performed better than the categorical model

40
Q

what are the advantages of the DSM-5 Alternative Personality Trait Model?

A

empitical model extending knowledge of the FFM

predicts clinical outcomes

relates to the complexity of syndromes observed in clinical practice

can make finer analysis of the patient’s characteristics

41
Q

what are the disadvantages of the DSM-5 alternative personality model?

A

loss of categories thought to have had significant clinical utility

question the strength of the openess to experience-psychoticism dimension

personality lectures (9 decks)

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