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lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 domains in Eysenck’s PEN theory?

A

psychoticism
extraversion
neuroticism

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2
Q

what does it mean by domains are orthogonal?

A

they are statistically independent- one trait does not affect the other

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3
Q

what are the four sources of support for Eysenck’s PEN theory?

A

psychometric evidence
biological basis
theoretically plausible
predictive of social issues

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4
Q

what are the two types of extraversion?

A

introvert
extrovert

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5
Q

what are the two types of neuroticism?

A

neurotic
emotionally stable

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6
Q

what are the two types of psychoticism?

A

psychopath
sociable

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7
Q

what is the difference between psychoticism and the other domains?

A

exhibits a skewed, not a normal, distribution

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8
Q

what is the key assumption for the biological basis for personality?

A

personality traits reflect individual differences in brain structure and function

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9
Q

what are the key regions of the brain involved in personality?

A

reticular formation and ARAS
cortex
limbic system

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10
Q

what is the reticular formation and ARAS?

A

networks of nuclei located in the brainstem
includes ascending pathways to the cortex (ARAS) and descending pathways to the spinal cord

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11
Q

what is the cortex?

A

outermost layer of the brain
contains sensory, motor and association areas

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12
Q

what is the limbic system?

A

‘deep’ brain structures, such as the hippocampus and the amygdala

involved in emotional processing and homeostasis

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13
Q

what are the two arousal systems?

A

reticulo-cortical circuit
limbic system

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14
Q

which domain is the reticulo-cortical circuit related to?

A

extraversion

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15
Q

which domain is the limbic system related to?

A

neuroticism

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16
Q

how does the reticulo cortical circuit control extraversion?

A

controls the ortical arousal generated by incoming stimuli
ARAS acts as a gate- controls overall arousal levels
introverts display higher levels of activity in the ARAS- let too much in- seek situations with low stimulation (opposite for extroverts)

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17
Q

what shape can the relationship between performance and arousal be represented by?

A

inverted U shape

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18
Q

how does the limbic system control neuroticism?

A

controls the response to emotional stimuli

more aroused in neurotic individuals in emotion enducing situations

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19
Q

how does the limbic system relate to the limbic system/neuroticism?

A

limbic system regulate the sympathetic nervous system- part of the automatic nervous system producing involuntary responses

sympathetic nervous system is in charge of the body’s fight or flight

remains constantly active at a basic level to maintain homeostasis

high neuroticism= hypersensitivity in the sympathetic nervous system- react more strongly to potentially threatening situations

increased limbic system activation needed to regulate their response

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20
Q

what is the biological origin of psychoticism?

A

originally unspecified- possibly related to the regulation of serotonin or dopamine or sex hormones

recently- thought to be the amygdala- brain’s fear centre- psychopathy characterised by extremely low fear

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21
Q

what is reliability?

A

the measurements are consistent

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22
Q

what is validity?

A

the measurements represent true findings

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23
Q

who used questionnaires to investigate the PEN model?

A

Eysenck, Eysenck and Barrett, 1985

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24
Q

what is the short scale EPQ-R?

A

48 questions
answered with a yes/no response
12 for each domain, and an additional 12 to assess for honest responses

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25
Q

what do you expect the results to be for the short scale EPQ-R?

A

reliability across repetition
high similarity within scales/domains
low similarity between scales/domains

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26
Q

what was found with the results for the short-scale EPQ-R? (Eysenck et al, 1985)

A

within domains: good internal consistency for extraversion and neuroticism (approx 0.85), but questionable for psychoticism (approx 0.6)

between domains: orthogonal- didn’t correlate with each other

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27
Q

what is the alternative model to Eysenck’s PEN theory?

A

Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

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28
Q

what did Gray conduct research using?

A

animals

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29
Q

what did Gray agree with Eysenck about?

A

personality traits have a psychological basis

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30
Q

what is Gray’s reinforcement theory?

A

differences in personality differ from the extent to which people respond to rewards/punishment

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31
Q

what is the result if people are highly sensitive to positive reinforcement?

A

tend to seek rewards and positive experience

learn faster when offered pleasant stimuli

32
Q

what does it mean if people are highly sensitive to negative reinforcement?

A

tend to avoid punishment and negative experiences

learn faster when there are aversive stimuli

33
Q

what are the three independent systems Gray (1982) proposes?

A

behavioural activation system
behavioural inhibition system
fight-flight system

34
Q

what is the behavioural activation system?

A

sensitive to rewards and pleasant stimuli
behaviours are approach and impulsivity
mediated by dopamine

35
Q

what is the behavioural inhibition system?

A

sensitive to punishment and aversive stimuli
behaviours are avoidance and anxiety
mediated by noradrenaline and serotonin
septo-hippocampal pathway

36
Q

what is the fight-flight system?

A

unconditioned response and fear
sympathetic nervous system

37
Q

how does Gray’s model relate to Eysenck’s model?

A

30 degree rotation- can use one system to predict where a person would be with a different trait

38
Q

how can we measure BAS using questionnaires?

A

three different subscales: reward responsiveness, drive and fun seeking

39
Q

who revisited RST?

A

Gray and McNaughton (2000)

40
Q

how was the behavioural activation system modified?

A

largely unchanged
sensitive to conditioned and unconditioned responses to reward

41
Q

how was the fight-flight system modified?

A

now the fight-flight-freeze system
avoidance and escape system in threatening situations
sensitive to conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
fear association

42
Q

how was the behavioural inhibition system modified?

A

resolves the conflict between the FFFS and the BAS

43
Q

what are the key assumptions of both models?

A

personality traits reflect individual differences in brain structure and function

44
Q

what questions do we want to answer when evaluating both models?

A

do the traits described by the models have a biological basis?
are the biological bases accurately described by the models?

45
Q

what are the four ways we can assess whether the models have a biological basis?

A

temporal stability
similarity across species
cross cultural evidence
hereditary/genetic contributions: behavioural genetics

46
Q

what was found about temporal stability for the PEN model?

A

Costa and McCrae (1994)

meta analysis

extraversion stable within participants, correlation of 0.64, no substantial cross sectional age differences

neuroticism stable within participants, correlation of 0.64, substantial cross sectional age differences in women

didn’t investigate psychoticism, but less stability reported for this trait

47
Q

what was found about temporal stability for the RST model?

A

Carver and White (1994)- test-retest reliability of the BAS-BIS questionnaires after 8 weeks were between 0.59-0.69

only an acceptable correlation and only 8 weeks later= issue

48
Q

what was found about similarity across species for the PEN model?

A

Gosling and John (1999)
reviewed 19 studies which examined the presence of extraversion and neuroticism in 12 animal species
many, but not all, displayed extravert and neurotic behaviour

49
Q

what was found about similarity across species for the RST model?

A

Gray (1970) extrapolated findings to humans
showed that rats have separate systems controlling their behaviour in reaction to rewarding/punishing stimuli

50
Q

how can we improve studying animals?

A

inter-rater reliability
test-retest reliability

51
Q

what is inter rater reliability for animals?

A

do raters agree when classifying animal’s personalities

52
Q

what is test-retest reliability for studying animals?

A

do the animals show the same personalities at different points in time

53
Q

what was found about cross cultural evidence for the PEN model?

A

Barrett et al (1998)
EPQ-R in 34 countries- domains were grouped similarly across cultures

Caruso et al (2001)
internal consistency of the four domains from datasets in different countries
internal consistency good for extraversion and neuroticism, but questionable for psychoticism

54
Q

what was found about cross cultural evidence for RST?

A

similar values of internal consistency have been found across different countries

55
Q

how can we assess hereditary or genetic contributions?

A

compare traits in biologically and non biologically related family members

56
Q

what are identical twins?

A

monozygotic
100% shared DNA
100% shared environment

57
Q

what are non identical twins?

A

dizygotic
50% shared DNA
100% shared environment

58
Q

what was found about PEN for behavioural genetics?

A

Plomin et al (1994)
heritability accounts for 51% for extraversion and 46% for neuroticism

59
Q

what was found about RST for behavioural genetics?

A

Takashaki et al (2007)
during childhood and adolescence, stable genetic influences on BAS and BIS

60
Q

what are characteristic gene studies?

A

associations between genetic variation within genes of interest, and specific traits

61
Q
A

ed to BAS scores

62
Q

what is the issue with candidate gene studies?

A

many of the findings were not replicated

most genes are polygenic- influenced by multiple genes

63
Q

what are genome wide association studies?

A

looking at millions of SNPs across the entire genome

64
Q

what are SNPs?

A

single nucleotide polymorphisms
most common type of genetic variation amongst people
represent a difference in a single DNA building block (nucleotide)

65
Q

what is the issue with genome wide association studies?

A

method requires many comparisons
need to avoid a Type I error
this sets a very high threshold for significant results, so significant results are obtained from very large thresholds

66
Q

what are examples of structural brain measures?

A

cortical thickness
volume/surface area
gyrification

67
Q

what is cortical thickness?

A

the grey matter between the pial and white surface

68
Q

what is gyrification?

A

folding of the cortex

69
Q

who investigated the link between cortical thickness and extraversion/neuroticism?

A

Wright et al, 2006

70
Q

what did Wright et al find out about cortical thickness?

A

measured cortical thickness to look at the neuroanatomical correlates of extraversion and neuroticism

extraversion negatively correlated with cortical thickness in prefrontal regions (even when age and gender controlled)

neuroticism negatively correlated with cortical thickness in the orbitofrontal cortex (not significant after controlling for gender)

71
Q

what do functional brain measures do?

A

measure and analyse the functional properties of the brain

72
Q

who used fMRI to look at BAS scores and brain activation?

A

Barros-Loscertales et al (2010)

73
Q

how did Barros-Loscertales et al investigate BAS scores and brain activation?

A

used fMRI
used a letter discrimination task- letters put onto a background image which is neutral, appetitive or aversive, asked if the letter is a vowel or not
sensitivity to reward scale- measures individual differences to positive stimuli

74
Q

what were the hypotheses for Barros-Loscertales?

A

appetitive pictures activated BAS related regions
regions known to modulate the action of the BAS correlate positively with SR scores

aversive pictures activate the BIS-FFFS structures
regions known to modulate the action of the BIS-FFFS correlate negatively with SR scores

75
Q

what were the results for Barros-Loscertales?

A

appetitive picture condition activated regions within the limbic system related to the BAS
in some regions, activation positively correlated with SR scores

aversive picture condition activated regions within the limbic system related to BIS
activation in these regions did not correlate with SR scores

regions in the frontal lobes were activated during both the erotic and aversive picture conditions

personality lectures (9 decks)

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