lecture 1 Flashcards
what are the different levels of analysis?
human nature
individual and group differences
individual uniqueness
who proposed the different levels of analysis?
Kluckhohn and Murray, 1948
what are the different domains for personality?
biological domain
intrapsychic domain
cognitive social learning domain
personality trait domain
what does intrapsychic mean?
fundamental internal human instincts/needs which shape individual’s thoughts/emotions/behaviours
who proposed the psychoanalytic approach?
Freud
what is the psychoanalytic approach?
human behaviour is motivated by innate instincts- drive for life (pleasure) and drive for destruction (aggression)
these instincts often lead to drives which would be unacceptable within society
personality develops based on how a person resolves the conflicts between instincts and living in a regulated civilised society
what are the three parts of the human mind?
Id
Ego
Superego
what is the Id?
pleasure principle
what is the ego?
reality principle
what is the superego?
morality/conscience
what makes a healthy human personality?
when the ego and superego are aligned
how does Freud suggest the personality develops psychoanalytically?
personality development was linked to set development stages
formed from childhood experiences of conflict resolution of the stages of development
stages are universal- but the outcomes from resolving the conflicts shapes personality
what does the psychoanalytic approach describe personality as?
the differences between people in the strength and intensity of fundamental human needs
what did Murray (1938) suggest?
each person has a unique hierachy of needs
what is social cognitive learning?
cognitive and social processes shape the different outcomes individuals use to respond to their environment/the goals they strive to attain
what is the cognitive approach?
learning the association between behaviour and outcomes, depending on whether it is rewarded or punished
why does the cognitive approach suggest personality differs?
differences in personal history of reinforcement
who extended social cognitive learning?
Bandura (2001)
what did Bandura suggest about learning?
can learn ourselves, but also learn from the successes and failures of others
humans are active, reflective learners
behaviour is determined by self efficacy
what is self efficacy?
the extent to which people believe they can control their own lives
what is self efficacy enhanced by?
mastery experiences
vicarious experiences
social persuasion
what are mastery experiences?
successful past experiences
what are vicarious experiences?
observing a peer of equal competence succeed
what is social persuasion?
encouragement from a credible person
the behaviour should be in someone’s skillset
who gives a definition for personality trait?
Larsen et al, 2017
what is the definition for personality trait?
set of psychological traits within an individual which are organised, relatively enduring and influences their interactions with/adaptations to the intrapsychic, physical and social environment
how does the personality trait domain explain personality?
identifies the fundamental personality traits to examine how people differ from each other
what are the properties of personality traits?
temporal stability
cross situational consistency
internal biological basis
predictive validity
minimal overlap of characteristics within traits
inter-individual differences
what is temporal stability?
whether a personality trait is stable across time
what is cross-situational consistency?
whether a personality trait is consistent across situations
what is predictive validity?
whether a personality trait predicts behaviour
what are the biological factors underpinning traits?
psychological substrates
hereitary/genetic contribution
similar traits in non humans
cross cultural evidence
temporal stability
what are the two different relations between a personality trait and causality?
internal and causal: behaviour is an expression of an internal, biological trait
descriptive summaries: trait describes an expressed behaviour, but no attributions are made
what are the three levels of personality trait structure?
domains
facets
behaviour
who reviewed the evidence for explaining behaviour in terms of personality?
Mischel (1968)
what did Mischel (1968) find out about personality?
reviewed evidence- behavioural consistencies not always observed
what did Mischel (1968) suggest we should focus on?
situationism= explain behaviour in terms of situational differences
which approach do psychologists now use to describe behaviour?
interactionism: interaction between personality trait and the situation
what statements did Shoda, Mischel and Wright use to describe behaviour?
if, then statements
how do we usually measure personality traits?
self report questionnaires
what is the lexical approach for questionnaire development?
look at traits expressed in language
in a dictionary, pick characteristic words, some are synonyms so group these into the main personality traits
what is the statistical approach for questionnaire development?
use factor analysis to identify clusters
look at which questionnaire items covary with each other
what is the theoretical approach to questionnaire development?
look at which you think are the most important traits
what are issues with self report questionnaires?
careless when answering questions
respond according to social desirability
Barnum statements
what are Barnum statements?
generalised statements- applies to almost everyone so everyone answers in the same way, eg) asking people if they worry about money
