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personality lectures > lecture 1 > Flashcards

lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different levels of analysis?

A

human nature

individual and group differences

individual uniqueness

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2
Q

who proposed the different levels of analysis?

A

Kluckhohn and Murray, 1948

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3
Q

what are the different domains for personality?

A

biological domain

intrapsychic domain

cognitive social learning domain

personality trait domain

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4
Q

what does intrapsychic mean?

A

fundamental internal human instincts/needs which shape individual’s thoughts/emotions/behaviours

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5
Q

who proposed the psychoanalytic approach?

A

Freud

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6
Q

what is the psychoanalytic approach?

A

human behaviour is motivated by innate instincts- drive for life (pleasure) and drive for destruction (aggression)

these instincts often lead to drives which would be unacceptable within society

personality develops based on how a person resolves the conflicts between instincts and living in a regulated civilised society

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7
Q

what are the three parts of the human mind?

A

Id
Ego
Superego

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8
Q

what is the Id?

A

pleasure principle

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9
Q

what is the ego?

A

reality principle

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10
Q

what is the superego?

A

morality/conscience

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11
Q

what makes a healthy human personality?

A

when the ego and superego are aligned

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12
Q

how does Freud suggest the personality develops psychoanalytically?

A

personality development was linked to set development stages

formed from childhood experiences of conflict resolution of the stages of development

stages are universal- but the outcomes from resolving the conflicts shapes personality

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13
Q

what does the psychoanalytic approach describe personality as?

A

the differences between people in the strength and intensity of fundamental human needs

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14
Q

what did Murray (1938) suggest?

A

each person has a unique hierachy of needs

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15
Q

what is social cognitive learning?

A

cognitive and social processes shape the different outcomes individuals use to respond to their environment/the goals they strive to attain

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16
Q

what is the cognitive approach?

A

learning the association between behaviour and outcomes, depending on whether it is rewarded or punished

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17
Q

why does the cognitive approach suggest personality differs?

A

differences in personal history of reinforcement

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18
Q

who extended social cognitive learning?

A

Bandura (2001)

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19
Q

what did Bandura suggest about learning?

A

can learn ourselves, but also learn from the successes and failures of others

humans are active, reflective learners

behaviour is determined by self efficacy

20
Q

what is self efficacy?

A

the extent to which people believe they can control their own lives

21
Q

what is self efficacy enhanced by?

A

mastery experiences
vicarious experiences
social persuasion

22
Q

what are mastery experiences?

A

successful past experiences

23
Q

what are vicarious experiences?

A

observing a peer of equal competence succeed

24
Q

what is social persuasion?

A

encouragement from a credible person

the behaviour should be in someone’s skillset

25
Q

who gives a definition for personality trait?

A

Larsen et al, 2017

26
Q

what is the definition for personality trait?

A

set of psychological traits within an individual which are organised, relatively enduring and influences their interactions with/adaptations to the intrapsychic, physical and social environment

27
Q

how does the personality trait domain explain personality?

A

identifies the fundamental personality traits to examine how people differ from each other

28
Q

what are the properties of personality traits?

A

temporal stability
cross situational consistency
internal biological basis
predictive validity
minimal overlap of characteristics within traits
inter-individual differences

29
Q

what is temporal stability?

A

whether a personality trait is stable across time

30
Q

what is cross-situational consistency?

A

whether a personality trait is consistent across situations

31
Q

what is predictive validity?

A

whether a personality trait predicts behaviour

32
Q

what are the biological factors underpinning traits?

A

psychological substrates
hereitary/genetic contribution
similar traits in non humans
cross cultural evidence
temporal stability

33
Q

what are the two different relations between a personality trait and causality?

A

internal and causal: behaviour is an expression of an internal, biological trait

descriptive summaries: trait describes an expressed behaviour, but no attributions are made

34
Q

what are the three levels of personality trait structure?

A

domains
facets
behaviour

35
Q

who reviewed the evidence for explaining behaviour in terms of personality?

A

Mischel (1968)

36
Q

what did Mischel (1968) find out about personality?

A

reviewed evidence- behavioural consistencies not always observed

37
Q

what did Mischel (1968) suggest we should focus on?

A

situationism= explain behaviour in terms of situational differences

38
Q

which approach do psychologists now use to describe behaviour?

A

interactionism: interaction between personality trait and the situation

39
Q

what statements did Shoda, Mischel and Wright use to describe behaviour?

A

if, then statements

40
Q

how do we usually measure personality traits?

A

self report questionnaires

41
Q

what is the lexical approach for questionnaire development?

A

look at traits expressed in language

in a dictionary, pick characteristic words, some are synonyms so group these into the main personality traits

42
Q

what is the statistical approach for questionnaire development?

A

use factor analysis to identify clusters
look at which questionnaire items covary with each other

43
Q

what is the theoretical approach to questionnaire development?

A

look at which you think are the most important traits

44
Q

what are issues with self report questionnaires?

A

careless when answering questions

respond according to social desirability

Barnum statements

45
Q

what are Barnum statements?

A

generalised statements- applies to almost everyone so everyone answers in the same way, eg) asking people if they worry about money

personality lectures (9 decks)

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