lecture 7

Question 1

how does income impact life satisfaction?

Answer 1

small, but robust predictor of life satisfaction

Question 2

what is the impact of losses and gains?

Answer 2

losses are larger than gains- have twice the impact on utility

Question 3

who researched losses and gains?

Answer 3

Kahneman and Tversky, 1979

Question 4

who researched the impact of conscientiousness?

Answer 4

Boyce, Wood and Ferguson, 2015

Question 5

what is conscientiousness characterised by?

Answer 5

rigid thought and obsessiveness
may be problematic when a desired outcome is not achieved, or is lost

Question 6

what is the relationship between conscientiousness and wealth?

Answer 6

place great value on economic outcomes

put more effort into achieving their goals- losses have more of an impact

Question 7

how did Boyce, Wood and Ferguson investigate conscientiousness?

Answer 7

assessed the change in household impact vs the change in life satisfaction
SOEP panel data from a large sample of Germans
losses had a bigger impact for those high in conscientiousness

Question 8

who investigated the relationship between personality and marriage?

Answer 8

Boyce, Wood and Ferguson, 2016

Question 9

what did Boyce, Wood and Ferguson find out about the link between personality and marriage?

Answer 9

for women: high conscientiousness was linked to increased satisfaction over the years of marriage (may place more value on relationship goals)

for women: introversion is associated with increased satisfaction across marriage, for men: extraversion is associated with increased satisfaction across marriage

Question 10

how does personality impact being in the workplace?

Answer 10

looks at how personality impacts performance and training, and how it allows you to adapt to job changes

higher cognitive ability associated with better job performance, and being better at picking up skills during training

positive effect for conscientiousness, negative effect for neuroticism

Question 11

what is the impact between conscientiousness and health?

Answer 11

high in conscientiousness die slower

Question 12

what is the impact between conscientiousness and health?

Answer 12

high IQ die slower

Question 13

how is compliance affected by personality traits?

Answer 13

individual differences affect treatment compliance

conscientious individuals are more likely to comply with their treatment

Question 14

what is the relationship between personality and antibody response?

Answer 14

high antibody responses are beneficial for fighting illness

for those high in neuroticism, antibody responses are lower than those low in neuroticism

Question 15

what are the methodologies to assess differences between personality and symptom reporting?

Answer 15

viral challenge studies
quasi experiments
case control designs

Question 16

what happens in a viral challenge study?

Answer 16

expose 50% to a pathogen and 50% to a placebo

keep in isolation and examine for 1-2 weeks

can make causal inferences from this

Question 17

what happens in quasi experiments?

Answer 17

examine people at high and low stress times

Question 18

how can you assess the relationship between personality and illness?

Answer 18

disease verification
covariates
sub-clinical and clinical infection
number of immune cells and reactivity to antigen

Question 18

what happens in case control designs?

Answer 18

compare different high stressed and low stressed groups of the population

Question 19

what happened in Feldman et al’s 1999 study into personality and disease?

Answer 19

viral challenge study: 50% of subjects given a virus and observed/measured for objective and subjective markers of illness

high neuroticism= reported more symptoms and more severe symptoms, whether or not they were actually ill (but not actually more ill)
high openness=report more symptoms than those low in openness when they were actually ill- more sensitive to their disease state
high extraversion= led to fewer actual colds and fewer symptoms

Question 20

what happened in Larsen (1992) study into health and personality?

Answer 20

looked at encoding/symptoms recall

encoding phase: recorded symptoms each day for 3 months
recall phase: recall the number and severity of the symptoms from the previous 3 months

high in neuroticism= recall symptoms as being worse than they actually were
way memories are retrieved drives the bias, rather than increased susceptibility to the feeling at the time

Question 21

what is pain mediated by?

Answer 21

internal states and dispositions

Question 22

what is cognitive epidemiology?

Answer 22

the study of intelligence

Question 23

what has cognitive epidemiology found about the relationship between health and IQ?

Answer 23

IQ is associated with better health outcomes- due to direct and indirect effects

Question 24

what did James and Ferguson (2019) find out about the relationship between personality and chronic illness?

Answer 24

looked at the relationship between pain, cognitive function, emergence of arthiritis and depression

IQ protects against pain at diagnosis

depression risk factor, and pain makes depression worse

Question 25

what did Connor-Smith and Flachsbart (2007) find out about coping with diseases?

Answer 25

personality traits impact how you respond to a disease

extraversion, conscientiouness and openness are linked to overall engagement coping strategies

neuroticism linked to disengagement coping strategies

Question 26

what personality traits is impulsiveness associated with?

Answer 26

high neuroticism
high extraversion
low conscientiousness
low agreeableness

Question 27

what personality trait is lack of pre meditation associated with?

Answer 27

low conscientiousness

Question 28

what personality trait is lack of perseverence associated with?

Answer 28

low conscientiousness

Question 29

what personality trait is sensation seeking associated with?

Answer 29

high extraversion

Question 30

what personality traits is negative urgency associated with?

Answer 30

high neuroticism
low agreeableness
low conscientiousness

Question 31

what personality traits is positive urgency associated with?

Answer 31

high neuroticism
low agreeableness
low conscientiousness

Question 32

how does drinking relate to personality traits?

Answer 32

low perseverance linked with amount drank

all personality types can predict drinking frequencies

Question 33

how does smoking relate to personality traits?

Answer 33

high extraversion and neuroticism can predict smoking

Question 34

how do behaviour addictions relate to personality traits?

Answer 34

negative urgency predicts higher levels of smartphone addiction

Question 35

how does gambling relate to personality traits?

Answer 35

addictive behaviour and clinical disorder
varies by individual differences
associated with high neuroticism, low agreeableness and low conscientiousness

Question 36

what did James, O Malley and Tunney (2016) find out about people with gambling problems?

Answer 36

people with severe gambling problems are more likely to be young, male, smokers and drinkers (associated with impulsivity)

Question 37

how did James, O Malley and Tunney (2016) investigate the relationship between gamling problems and impulsivity?

Answer 37

participants were trained on different kinds of slot machine

manipulated how frequently it paid out

eventually stopped people from winning

continued gambling in the face of losses was predicted by payout (less reinforcement= greater persverance), depression (more depressed= less perseverance), impulsiveness (more impulsive= greater perseverance)

Question 38

what is the upps model?

Answer 38

distinct traits of impulsiveness

Question 39

who proposed the upps model?

Answer 39

Whiteside and Lyman, 2001

Question 40

what is the upps model made up of?

Answer 40

lack of premeditation
lack of perseverance
sensation seeking
negative urgency
positive urgency