lecture 7 Flashcards
how does income impact life satisfaction?
small, but robust predictor of life satisfaction
what is the impact of losses and gains?
losses are larger than gains- have twice the impact on utility
who researched losses and gains?
Kahneman and Tversky, 1979
who researched the impact of conscientiousness?
Boyce, Wood and Ferguson, 2015
what is conscientiousness characterised by?
rigid thought and obsessiveness
may be problematic when a desired outcome is not achieved, or is lost
what is the relationship between conscientiousness and wealth?
place great value on economic outcomes
put more effort into achieving their goals- losses have more of an impact
how did Boyce, Wood and Ferguson investigate conscientiousness?
assessed the change in household impact vs the change in life satisfaction
SOEP panel data from a large sample of Germans
losses had a bigger impact for those high in conscientiousness
who investigated the relationship between personality and marriage?
Boyce, Wood and Ferguson, 2016
what did Boyce, Wood and Ferguson find out about the link between personality and marriage?
for women: high conscientiousness was linked to increased satisfaction over the years of marriage (may place more value on relationship goals)
for women: introversion is associated with increased satisfaction across marriage, for men: extraversion is associated with increased satisfaction across marriage
how does personality impact being in the workplace?
looks at how personality impacts performance and training, and how it allows you to adapt to job changes
higher cognitive ability associated with better job performance, and being better at picking up skills during training
positive effect for conscientiousness, negative effect for neuroticism
what is the impact between conscientiousness and health?
high in conscientiousness die slower
what is the impact between conscientiousness and health?
high IQ die slower
how is compliance affected by personality traits?
individual differences affect treatment compliance
conscientious individuals are more likely to comply with their treatment
what is the relationship between personality and antibody response?
high antibody responses are beneficial for fighting illness
for those high in neuroticism, antibody responses are lower than those low in neuroticism
what are the methodologies to assess differences between personality and symptom reporting?
viral challenge studies
quasi experiments
case control designs
what happens in a viral challenge study?
expose 50% to a pathogen and 50% to a placebo
keep in isolation and examine for 1-2 weeks
can make causal inferences from this
what happens in quasi experiments?
examine people at high and low stress times
how can you assess the relationship between personality and illness?
disease verification
covariates
sub-clinical and clinical infection
number of immune cells and reactivity to antigen
what happens in case control designs?
compare different high stressed and low stressed groups of the population
what happened in Feldman et al’s 1999 study into personality and disease?
viral challenge study: 50% of subjects given a virus and observed/measured for objective and subjective markers of illness
high neuroticism= reported more symptoms and more severe symptoms, whether or not they were actually ill (but not actually more ill)
high openness=report more symptoms than those low in openness when they were actually ill- more sensitive to their disease state
high extraversion= led to fewer actual colds and fewer symptoms
what happened in Larsen (1992) study into health and personality?
looked at encoding/symptoms recall
encoding phase: recorded symptoms each day for 3 months
recall phase: recall the number and severity of the symptoms from the previous 3 months
high in neuroticism= recall symptoms as being worse than they actually were
way memories are retrieved drives the bias, rather than increased susceptibility to the feeling at the time
what is pain mediated by?
internal states and dispositions
what is cognitive epidemiology?
the study of intelligence
what has cognitive epidemiology found about the relationship between health and IQ?
IQ is associated with better health outcomes- due to direct and indirect effects
what did James and Ferguson (2019) find out about the relationship between personality and chronic illness?
looked at the relationship between pain, cognitive function, emergence of arthiritis and depression
IQ protects against pain at diagnosis
depression risk factor, and pain makes depression worse
what did Connor-Smith and Flachsbart (2007) find out about coping with diseases?
personality traits impact how you respond to a disease
extraversion, conscientiouness and openness are linked to overall engagement coping strategies
neuroticism linked to disengagement coping strategies
what personality traits is impulsiveness associated with?
high neuroticism
high extraversion
low conscientiousness
low agreeableness
what personality trait is lack of pre meditation associated with?
low conscientiousness
what personality trait is lack of perseverence associated with?
low conscientiousness
what personality trait is sensation seeking associated with?
high extraversion
what personality traits is negative urgency associated with?
high neuroticism
low agreeableness
low conscientiousness
what personality traits is positive urgency associated with?
high neuroticism
low agreeableness
low conscientiousness
how does drinking relate to personality traits?
low perseverance linked with amount drank
all personality types can predict drinking frequencies
how does smoking relate to personality traits?
high extraversion and neuroticism can predict smoking
how do behaviour addictions relate to personality traits?
negative urgency predicts higher levels of smartphone addiction
how does gambling relate to personality traits?
addictive behaviour and clinical disorder
varies by individual differences
associated with high neuroticism, low agreeableness and low conscientiousness
what did James, O Malley and Tunney (2016) find out about people with gambling problems?
people with severe gambling problems are more likely to be young, male, smokers and drinkers (associated with impulsivity)
how did James, O Malley and Tunney (2016) investigate the relationship between gamling problems and impulsivity?
participants were trained on different kinds of slot machine
manipulated how frequently it paid out
eventually stopped people from winning
continued gambling in the face of losses was predicted by payout (less reinforcement= greater persverance), depression (more depressed= less perseverance), impulsiveness (more impulsive= greater perseverance)
what is the upps model?
distinct traits of impulsiveness
who proposed the upps model?
Whiteside and Lyman, 2001
what is the upps model made up of?
lack of premeditation
lack of perseverance
sensation seeking
negative urgency
positive urgency
