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PSYC 333 > lecture 8 > Flashcards

lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Feeling “holier than thou”

A

People believe
they are more moral, kind, and altruistic than
the average person

  • Better-than-average effect when it comes to
    morality
  • Maybe because of cognitive biases?
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2
Q

Feeling holier than thou (seeing self as superior) could be because of

A
  • overly charitable views of self (and accurate views of their others)?
  • overly cynical views of others?
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3
Q

“daffodil days study 1

A

What is the source of bias for feeling holier-than-thou?

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4
Q

method study 1

A

5 weeks before charity event: * “Will you buy at least one daffodil and, if so, how many?”
* “Will a peer buy at least one daffodil?”
* 3 days after event:
* “How many did you buy?”

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5
Q

what does study 1 suggest

A

that feeling “holier than thou” is due to errors in judgement about self, not in judgements about others

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6
Q

Across 4 studies, people overestimate likelihood that they would choose the kinder action by an average of

A

32% (but only by 4% for
others)

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7
Q

what does the cogntiive bias in self perception mean

A
  • Means that seeing self as uniquely kind is due to having overly favourable views of self and not due to being overly cynical about others
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8
Q

types of information on which to base predictions of future behaviour

A

case-based and distributional/ base-rate

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9
Q

case based

A

evidence relevant to the specific case or person under consideration

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10
Q

distributional/ base rate

A

evidence about the distribution of behaviour in similar or past situtations

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11
Q

people are good at estimating

A

the distribution of social behaviour in various domains

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12
Q

base rate fallacy

A

we tend to assign greater value to to case-based info and often ignore distributional info

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13
Q

when we make predictions about our own behaviours we use

A

case based info

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14
Q

when we male predictions about average persons behaviour we use

A

base-rate info

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15
Q

Idea of “average person” is vague and abstract

A

so no case-based info is available,
and therefore we have to rely on distributional info

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16
Q

base rate fallacies in self perceptions?

A

do we use case-based info to predict own behaviour and base rate info to predict others behaviour

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17
Q

study 2 method

A

Participants received $5.00 for participating in study

  • Received info about 3 charities
  • Told that future participants will have a chance of donating any or all of their study
    compensation to one of them
  • If in this situation, how much would you and average peer donate?
  • Then, learned about ACTUAL donations of 3, 7, then 13 people from
    earlier study and allowed to revise prediction after each new piece of
    info
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18
Q

what does the study 2 show

A

evidence of base-rate fallacies in self-perceptions

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19
Q

base rate info proved

A

accuracy of predictions o peers behaviours

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20
Q

what did base rate info not improve

A

accuracy of predictions for own behaviour

hung on to case-based info and rejected base-rate info

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21
Q

this doesnt rule out

A

self-enhancement motivation

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22
Q

using case-based info to judge a specific other

A

Does presence of any case-based info prompt ignoring of distributional info?

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23
Q

method study 3

A

Repeated method of previous study but added third
prediction
* Participants read a peer’s self-description
* How much would you donate?
* How much would average peer donate?
* How much would this specific peer donate?

24
Q

results of study 3

A

People ignored base-rate info for self AND for specific peer

Feeling holier than thou (better-than-average) not necessarily due to selfenhancement motivation, but base-rate fallacy

25
Q

information processing biases can lead to

A

overly pos self views

26
Q

we use case-based infor ot male

A

judgements about the self

27
Q

Some better-than-average studies show that

A

there are some domains
where people tend to rate themselves as worse than others

28
Q

what are the domains where people rate themselves as worse than others

A
  • Concentration
  • Artistic ability
  • Acting ability
  • Mechanical ability
29
Q

hypothesis for anchoring bias

A

responsible for the better-than-average and worse-than-average effects

30
Q

common human tendency to rely too heavily on .. when making a decision

A

the first piece of information that comes to mind

31
Q

what does the anchoring bias mean

A

judgements will be biased towards anchor/info that we can easily retrieve

32
Q

when comparing self and others

A

we first think about our own abilities because they come to us automatically and effortlessly

33
Q

only think about others ability after

A

effortful and thus we insufficiently take this info into account

34
Q

causes our judgements of ourselves to be biased by

A

towards how we perceive our own ability in a given domain

35
Q

anchoring bias hypothesis

A

responsible for the better-than-average and worse-than-average effects

36
Q

peoples own skills serve as … but we fail to consider…

A

an anchor the skills of others

37
Q

better than average effect in domains are

A

easy for most people

38
Q

worse-than-average effect in domain that are

A

hard for most people

39
Q

Anchor to own experience of task feeling effortless

A

failing to take into account
that others may feel similarly

40
Q

Anchor to own experience of task feeling hard

A

failing to take into account that others may feel similarly

41
Q

study 2 better than average effect and difficulty

A

Experimentally manipulated participants perceptions of
their skills:
* Assessed “integrative ability” using bogus test
* Participants either got a hard or easy test

42
Q

outcomes of study 2

A

PARTICIPANTS RATED OWN ABILITY COMPARED WITH PEERS ABILITY

43
Q

predictions about study 2

A

Easy test: Participants will see own ability as above average

Difficult test: Participants will see own ability as below average

44
Q

Difficulty of test determined whether people saw themselves as

A

better-than or
worse-than average

45
Q

both motivational and cognitive processes result in

A

biased self views that may serve us well

46
Q

positive illusions are good

A

higher subjective well-being
higher achievement
more relationship satisfaction and commitment
coping with challenges

47
Q

positive illusions are bad

A

More boasting
Consequently, alienate others, which leads to loneliness in the long run

Set unrealistically high goals, leading to frequent failure and,
consequently, low well-being

Or, no reason to self-improve and, consequently, miss opportunities to
advance skills

48
Q

meta-analysis

A

200 studies with more than 10,000 participants

49
Q

positive illusions about self are good for

A

personal adjustment

higher subjective well-being and lower feelings of depression

50
Q

Positive illusions have mixed effects for relationships

A
  1. How long you know someone matters
    relationships
  2. Type of traits you self-enhance on matters
51
Q
  1. How long you know someone matters
A

Self-enhancement linked with more liking by strangers, but no association for longer-term relationships

52
Q
  1. Type of traits you self-enhance on matters
A

Self-enhancement on collectivistic traits were seen as more likeable/warm

Self-enhance on individualistic traits (independence, power, achievement) seen as more
competent but also less likeable/warm

53
Q

positive illusions are associated with people

A

feeling good about themselves

54
Q

when interacting with strangers

A

its helpful to come across as confident

matters less with people one knows

55
Q

if want to come across as likeable

A

enhance collectivistic traits

56
Q

if want to come across as competent

A

enhance individualistic traits

PSYC 333 (13 decks)

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