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PSYC 333 > lecture 4 > Flashcards

lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

prerequisites for Self-Knowledge

A
  1. self-awareness
  2. perspective- taking
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2
Q

self awareness

A

we are not born understanding that our self is separate from other people

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3
Q

when does self-awareness emerge

A

around 18 months old

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4
Q

what is the rouge test

A

when you put a dot on a childs forehead, make them look in the mirror, if they touch their forehead they are self-aware

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5
Q

perspective-taking

A

imaging others responses helps the child to acquire the ability to look at themselves from the outside; can then draw conclusions about self

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6
Q

when does perspective taking develop

A

around age 5; pass false belief problems

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7
Q

what is the false belief problem

A

smarties task
3 yr old fails: incorrectly thinks that other children will know that there are smarties insie box and say they always knew that there were smarites there
5 yr old pass: corectly says that others will think there are smarties inside the box

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8
Q

self perception

A

we observe our overt behaviours and use these observations to infer what we’re like

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9
Q

what is self perception similar to

A

how we infer what other people ar elike

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10
Q

introspection

A

we direct our attention inwards to our internal states and use this self-awareness to draw conclusions about what we are like

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11
Q

internal states vs behaviour study

A

do ppl prioritize awareness of internal states or overt behaviour to construct self-knowledge

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12
Q

method of study 1

A

40 undergrads
how usefull are diff sources of info for someone to get to know what ur like?
* Seeing overt behaviour for a day
* Seeing overt behaviour for several months
* Knowing thoughts and feelings for a day
* Knowing thoughts and feelings for several months * Interviews with friends and family

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13
Q

results of study 1

A

people report that knowing their internal states is better for understanding the self than knowing their behaviour or interviewing close ones

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14
Q

access to others internal states study

A

how does access to internal states vs behaviour shape others impressions?

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15
Q

method study 2

A

60 participants
listened to interviews with strangers describing themseleves
assigned to 1 of 3 conditions
formed imoression of interviewee by rating them on a personality measure
then compared it to interviewee and close friends ratings

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16
Q

what were the three conditions of study 2

A

cognitive/ affective
behavioural
control

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17
Q

cognitive/affective group

A

interviewee describing past thoughts and feelings

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18
Q

behavioural group

A

interviewee describing past behaviour

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19
Q

control group

A

interviewee describing mix of past thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

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20
Q

study 2 results

A

cognitive/affective interviews produced impressions that are most in line with interviewees self ratings and with close friends ratings

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21
Q

what do the results of study 2 reveal

A

suggests that knowing thoughts and feelings is most useful for knowing someone well

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22
Q

what ar ethe implications of study 2

A

people prioritize awareness of their thougths and feelings to construct self-knowledge and believe this is most revealing of what others are like

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23
Q

why do people prioritize what others think

A

recognize that actions can be influenced by external factors so think that thoughts and feelings are more revealing of inner self

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24
Q

self perception may be more useful for

A

forming self knowledge when people are unclear about their internal states

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25
Q

assumption that introspection is usefule source of self-knowledge is shared by

A

much of psych research which relies on self report

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26
Q

accuracy of introspection study

A

are people aware of what imapcts their mood

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27
Q

method of study 3

A

55 undergrads
daily diary study for 5 weeks
every evening rated
overall mood
several predictors of mood

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28
Q

at the end of the study 3

A

partiicpants estimated the relationship between their mood and each predictor
researchers calculated actial correlation between mood and each predictor

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29
Q

results of study 3

A

average accuracy fo correlation if 0.42
accurate but not that accurate
average accuracy correlation for observer= 0.46w

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30
Q

what does study 3 suggest

A

people dont have real unique understanding of their mood but instead rely on shared theories about predictors of mood

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31
Q

what are the implications of study 3

A

people dont have a genuine understanding of why they think and feel the way they do

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32
Q

internal processes are heavily influenced by

A

automative and unconscious processes

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33
Q

introspection may be more useful for ___ but not very useful for ___

A

describing internal states; explaining why we have these in the first place

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34
Q

wilson 2002

A

suggests that people should take psychology courses if they want to understand themselves rather than relying on introspection

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35
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

the self-concept depends on our social interactions

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36
Q

there is no__ without___

A

self; others

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37
Q

social comparison

A

we compare ourselves with others to form conclusions about our relative standing on attributes abilities opinions etc

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38
Q

you can only conclude that youre introverted by

A

comparing yourself to others on introversion

39
Q

introspection and self-perception often rely on

A

comparison

40
Q

what are the two ways of direction of comparison that influence self esteem

A

upward and downward

41
Q

upward influence

A

comparing ourselves to people that are better than us which leads to a decrease in self-esteem

42
Q

downward influence

A

comparing ourseleves to ppl that are worse than us which leads to an increase in self-esteem

43
Q

sometimes we engage in social comparison

A

strategically

44
Q

downward comparisons can help us feel

A

better in difficult situations by focusing on people who are worse off

45
Q

upward comparisons can

A

inspire us when wanting to improve ourselves

46
Q

looking glass self

A

we construct our self-concept based on how others see us

47
Q

we infer how others see us using

A

their direct feedback and their behaviour towards us

48
Q

research examining looking glass self compares

A

participants self-report of their own behaviour
observers reports of participants perosnality.behaviour

49
Q

if looking class self theory is true

A

would expect a high correlation between self-report and observer report

50
Q

problems with the looking glass self

A

no consistent relationsip between self-reports and observer reports

51
Q

there is a strong relationship between

A

peoples self-reports of their own personality and how they think they are percieved by others

52
Q

why are we influenced by what we think others feel about us more so than their actual feelings/ our own

A
  1. others rarely provide us honest full feedback
  2. we often dismiss or rationalize away negative feedback
53
Q

we may know little about others actual reactions and must rely on

A

perceptions of others reactions to construct our self-concepts

54
Q

causal evidence for looking glass self study

A

do our perceptions of others views of us causally shape our self-concepts

55
Q

study 4 method

A

longitudinal study of 103 uni dorm residents
baseline (time 1)
* Self-report of personality * Ratings of how they think other dorm residents view them
* Importance of other dorm residents’ views of them
9 weeks later (Time 2):
* Self-report of personality

56
Q

study 4 results

A

At Time 1,
higher similarity between self-report of personality and perception of
others’ view when people indicated that the other dorm residents’ view of them is
important vs. not important to them

Self-report of personality at Time 2 changed in the direction that students’ thought others perceived them at Time 1

57
Q

what is the implication of study 4

A

looking glass self means that the self-concept is shaped by how we think others see us, not by how they actually see us

58
Q

when is the implication especially true

A

for those whose opinions we really care

59
Q

social categorization theory

A

we place ourselves and others into social groups and this process shapes our self-concepts

60
Q

social groups provide members with a

A

shared identitiy that prescribed standards for what members should be like, beleive, and behave

61
Q

self-stereotyping

A

we take on and confrom to the shared identity of a social group in order to be accepted as part of that group by others

62
Q

evidence for social categorization study method

A

153 liberal arts and eng majors

Rated self on 90 traits (1-7 scale)

Rated ingroup and outgroup on same 90 traits

Reaction time (RT) task

Compared performance on RT task to ratings of ingroup

63
Q

If self-concept and perception of ingroup are linked

A

would expect faster RTs for traits where self
and ingroup are similar vs. dissimilar — less interference on similar traits

64
Q

results study 5

A

faster RTS for traits on which a person sees themselves as matching the ingroup than for traits in which there is a mismatch

65
Q

what does study 5 suggest

A

perception of self and ingroup are linked

66
Q

group membership is often defined in

A

contrast to ourgroups

67
Q

formation of some self-knowledge is a

A

rejection of elements that are associated with an outgroup

68
Q

social groups we belong to

A

we acquire some self-knowledge by taking on certain role identitites

69
Q

the role identitites we take on depend on

A

social positions available to us in society

70
Q

self decriptions/ behaviour in a role identity is determined by

A

expectations/standards for that role
peoples unique strengths and preferences

71
Q

people dont just ridgidly adhere to a role expectation but

A

figure out how to make the role their own

72
Q

in close relationships we incorporate

A

other scharacteristics into our own self-concepts

73
Q

implies thay self-other confusions

A

is possible

74
Q

study 6 including others in the self

A

do people confuse their partners traits for their own

75
Q

study 6 method

A

married graduate students
rated traits fro how descriptive they are of
me-notme reaction time task

76
Q

greter self-other confusion indicated by

A
  • Longer RTs for traits that are different between self and spouse
  • More errors for traits that are different between self and spouse (i.e. given opposite rating of
    what the subject originally indicated)
77
Q

study 6 results

A

participants were slower and made more mistakes on traits that differed between self and spouse

78
Q

what does study 6 suggest

A

close others and their characteristics become incorporated into the self-concept

79
Q

most of our self knowledge depends on social interactions

A
  • Social comparison
  • How we think others are perceiving us
  • Social groups we belong to
  • Loved ones’ characteristics
80
Q

theories of interpersonal sources of self-knowledge point to routes to self concept change

A
  • Sociocultural and environmental changes
  • Social role changes
  • Changing the looking-glass
  • Changes to who one is close to
81
Q

sociocultural

A

social movements change the expectations and role identities available to members of social groups

82
Q

environmental

A

self-concept may change in reaction to immediate change in social environment

83
Q

gains and losses of social roles trigger

A

changes to the self-concept

84
Q

if someone is perceiving a lot of change and feeling less pos about it what happens

A

period of self-concept confusion

85
Q

gains happen when and lossess happen when

A

early adulthood and late adulthood

86
Q

people can purposely initiate a change to their self-concept if

A

they beleive they are percieved by others in an undesirable way

87
Q

focus is on changing perception of self by behaving differently until

A

person thinks others see the self in desired way

88
Q

desired reputation is

A

most important self

89
Q

for change to be permanent

A

behaviour consistent with new self needs to be consistent and recognized by others

90
Q

since self-concept is partially a reult of who a person is close to this means

A

the self concept will change when we become closer to new people

91
Q

self perception and introspections are two

A

intrapersonal sources of self knowledge

92
Q

we prioritie what to gain self knowledge

A

introspection elthough pur conclusions may not be acc

93
Q

most of our self-knowledge depends on which social interactions

A
  • Social comparison
  • How we think others are perceiving us
  • Social groups we belong to
  • Loved ones’ characteristics
94
Q

each interpersonal theory of self-knowledge implies

A

different ways that the self concept can change

PSYC 333 (13 decks)

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