Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYC 333 > lecture 4 > Flashcards

lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

prerequisites for Self-Knowledge

A
  1. self-awareness
  2. perspective- taking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

self awareness

A

we are not born understanding that our self is separate from other people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when does self-awareness emerge

A

around 18 months old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the rouge test

A

when you put a dot on a childs forehead, make them look in the mirror, if they touch their forehead they are self-aware

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

perspective-taking

A

imaging others responses helps the child to acquire the ability to look at themselves from the outside; can then draw conclusions about self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when does perspective taking develop

A

around age 5; pass false belief problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the false belief problem

A

smarties task
3 yr old fails: incorrectly thinks that other children will know that there are smarties insie box and say they always knew that there were smarites there
5 yr old pass: corectly says that others will think there are smarties inside the box

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

self perception

A

we observe our overt behaviours and use these observations to infer what we’re like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is self perception similar to

A

how we infer what other people ar elike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

introspection

A

we direct our attention inwards to our internal states and use this self-awareness to draw conclusions about what we are like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

internal states vs behaviour study

A

do ppl prioritize awareness of internal states or overt behaviour to construct self-knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

method of study 1

A

40 undergrads
how usefull are diff sources of info for someone to get to know what ur like?
* Seeing overt behaviour for a day
* Seeing overt behaviour for several months
* Knowing thoughts and feelings for a day
* Knowing thoughts and feelings for several months * Interviews with friends and family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

results of study 1

A

people report that knowing their internal states is better for understanding the self than knowing their behaviour or interviewing close ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

access to others internal states study

A

how does access to internal states vs behaviour shape others impressions?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

method study 2

A

60 participants
listened to interviews with strangers describing themseleves
assigned to 1 of 3 conditions
formed imoression of interviewee by rating them on a personality measure
then compared it to interviewee and close friends ratings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what were the three conditions of study 2

A

cognitive/ affective
behavioural
control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cognitive/affective group

A

interviewee describing past thoughts and feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

behavioural group

A

interviewee describing past behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

control group

A

interviewee describing mix of past thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

study 2 results

A

cognitive/affective interviews produced impressions that are most in line with interviewees self ratings and with close friends ratings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do the results of study 2 reveal

A

suggests that knowing thoughts and feelings is most useful for knowing someone well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what ar ethe implications of study 2

A

people prioritize awareness of their thougths and feelings to construct self-knowledge and believe this is most revealing of what others are like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why do people prioritize what others think

A

recognize that actions can be influenced by external factors so think that thoughts and feelings are more revealing of inner self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

self perception may be more useful for

A

forming self knowledge when people are unclear about their internal states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
assumption that introspection is usefule source of self-knowledge is shared by
much of psych research which relies on self report
26
accuracy of introspection study
are people aware of what imapcts their mood
27
method of study 3
55 undergrads daily diary study for 5 weeks every evening rated overall mood several predictors of mood
28
at the end of the study 3
partiicpants estimated the relationship between their mood and each predictor researchers calculated actial correlation between mood and each predictor
29
results of study 3
average accuracy fo correlation if 0.42 accurate but not that accurate average accuracy correlation for observer= 0.46w
30
what does study 3 suggest
people dont have real unique understanding of their mood but instead rely on shared theories about predictors of mood
31
what are the implications of study 3
people dont have a genuine understanding of why they think and feel the way they do
32
internal processes are heavily influenced by
automative and unconscious processes
33
introspection may be more useful for ___ but not very useful for ___
describing internal states; explaining why we have these in the first place
34
wilson 2002
suggests that people should take psychology courses if they want to understand themselves rather than relying on introspection
35
symbolic interactionism
the self-concept depends on our social interactions
36
there is no__ without___
self; others
37
social comparison
we compare ourselves with others to form conclusions about our relative standing on attributes abilities opinions etc
38
you can only conclude that youre introverted by
comparing yourself to others on introversion
39
introspection and self-perception often rely on
comparison
40
what are the two ways of direction of comparison that influence self esteem
upward and downward
41
upward influence
comparing ourselves to people that are better than us which leads to a decrease in self-esteem
42
downward influence
comparing ourseleves to ppl that are worse than us which leads to an increase in self-esteem
43
sometimes we engage in social comparison
strategically
44
downward comparisons can help us feel
better in difficult situations by focusing on people who are worse off
45
upward comparisons can
inspire us when wanting to improve ourselves
46
looking glass self
we construct our self-concept based on how others see us
47
we infer how others see us using
their direct feedback and their behaviour towards us
48
research examining looking glass self compares
participants self-report of their own behaviour observers reports of participants perosnality.behaviour
49
if looking class self theory is true
would expect a high correlation between self-report and observer report
50
problems with the looking glass self
no consistent relationsip between self-reports and observer reports
51
there is a strong relationship between
peoples self-reports of their own personality and how they think they are percieved by others
52
why are we influenced by what we think others feel about us more so than their actual feelings/ our own
1. others rarely provide us honest full feedback 2. we often dismiss or rationalize away negative feedback
53
we may know little about others actual reactions and must rely on
perceptions of others reactions to construct our self-concepts
54
causal evidence for looking glass self study
do our perceptions of others views of us causally shape our self-concepts
55
study 4 method
longitudinal study of 103 uni dorm residents baseline (time 1) * Self-report of personality * Ratings of how they think other dorm residents view them * Importance of other dorm residents’ views of them 9 weeks later (Time 2): * Self-report of personality
56
study 4 results
At Time 1, higher similarity between self-report of personality and perception of others’ view when people indicated that the other dorm residents’ view of them is important vs. not important to them Self-report of personality at Time 2 changed in the direction that students’ thought others perceived them at Time 1
57
what is the implication of study 4
looking glass self means that the self-concept is shaped by how we think others see us, not by how they actually see us
58
when is the implication especially true
for those whose opinions we really care
59
social categorization theory
we place ourselves and others into social groups and this process shapes our self-concepts
60
social groups provide members with a
shared identitiy that prescribed standards for what members should be like, beleive, and behave
61
self-stereotyping
we take on and confrom to the shared identity of a social group in order to be accepted as part of that group by others
62
evidence for social categorization study method
153 liberal arts and eng majors Rated self on 90 traits (1-7 scale) Rated ingroup and outgroup on same 90 traits Reaction time (RT) task Compared performance on RT task to ratings of ingroup
63
If self-concept and perception of ingroup are linked
would expect faster RTs for traits where self and ingroup are similar vs. dissimilar --- less interference on similar traits
64
results study 5
faster RTS for traits on which a person sees themselves as matching the ingroup than for traits in which there is a mismatch
65
what does study 5 suggest
perception of self and ingroup are linked
66
group membership is often defined in
contrast to ourgroups
67
formation of some self-knowledge is a
rejection of elements that are associated with an outgroup
68
social groups we belong to
we acquire some self-knowledge by taking on certain role identitites
69
the role identitites we take on depend on
social positions available to us in society
70
self decriptions/ behaviour in a role identity is determined by
expectations/standards for that role peoples unique strengths and preferences
71
people dont just ridgidly adhere to a role expectation but
figure out how to make the role their own
72
in close relationships we incorporate
other scharacteristics into our own self-concepts
73
implies thay self-other confusions
is possible
74
study 6 including others in the self
do people confuse their partners traits for their own
75
study 6 method
married graduate students rated traits fro how descriptive they are of me-notme reaction time task
76
greter self-other confusion indicated by
* Longer RTs for traits that are different between self and spouse * More errors for traits that are different between self and spouse (i.e. given opposite rating of what the subject originally indicated)
77
study 6 results
participants were slower and made more mistakes on traits that differed between self and spouse
78
what does study 6 suggest
close others and their characteristics become incorporated into the self-concept
79
most of our self knowledge depends on social interactions
* Social comparison * How we think others are perceiving us * Social groups we belong to * Loved ones’ characteristics
80
theories of interpersonal sources of self-knowledge point to routes to self concept change
* Sociocultural and environmental changes * Social role changes * Changing the looking-glass * Changes to who one is close to
81
sociocultural
social movements change the expectations and role identities available to members of social groups
82
environmental
self-concept may change in reaction to immediate change in social environment
83
gains and losses of social roles trigger
changes to the self-concept
84
if someone is perceiving a lot of change and feeling less pos about it what happens
period of self-concept confusion
85
gains happen when and lossess happen when
early adulthood and late adulthood
86
people can purposely initiate a change to their self-concept if
they beleive they are percieved by others in an undesirable way
87
focus is on changing perception of self by behaving differently until
person thinks others see the self in desired way
88
desired reputation is
most important self
89
for change to be permanent
behaviour consistent with new self needs to be consistent and recognized by others
90
since self-concept is partially a reult of who a person is close to this means
the self concept will change when we become closer to new people
91
self perception and introspections are two
intrapersonal sources of self knowledge
92
we prioritie what to gain self knowledge
introspection elthough pur conclusions may not be acc
93
most of our self-knowledge depends on which social interactions
* Social comparison * How we think others are perceiving us * Social groups we belong to * Loved ones’ characteristics
94
each interpersonal theory of self-knowledge implies
different ways that the self concept can change

PSYC 333 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions