lecture 5 Flashcards by NICOLLETA Panos

theories of interpersonal sources of self-knowledge point to routes to self concept change

Sociocultural and environmental changes
Social role changes
Changing the looking-glass * Changes to who one is close to

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sociocultural

social movements change the expectations and role identities available to members of a social group

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what gradually influence the self-concepts of members of these groups

changes in expectations

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environmental

self-concept may change in reaction to immediate change in social environment

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gains and losses of social roles trigger

changes to the self concept

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if someone percieves a lot of change and is feeling less positive there is

a period of self-concept confusion

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when do gains and losses happen for SCC

early adulthood and late adulthood

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people can purposely initiate a change in their self-concept if they believe

they are perceived by others in an undesirable way

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changing perception of self by behaving differently until

person thinks that others see the self in the desired way

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desired reputation is

most important self

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fr change in self-concept to be permanent

behaviour consisten with new self needs to be consistent and recognized by others

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since self concept is partially a result of who a person is close to

means that self concept will change when we become closer to new people

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individualistic cultures

Common in Western countries
Prioritizing the individual via selfinterest and self-expression
Driver of behaviour are internal states
(own thoughts, feelings, desires)

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collectivistic cultures

Common in East Asian countries
Prioritizing the group and group harmony via suspension of self-interest
Drivers of behaviour are external factors
(duties, norms, others’ expectations)

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individualistic cultures foster

independent self-concept

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collectivistic cultures foster

interdependent self-concept

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individualistic cultures on independent self-concept

Distinguishing self from others by
focusing on what makes one unique
from others
Focus on personal identity (e.g. traits,
abilities, interests)
E.g. extroverted

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collectivistic cultures on interdependent self-concept

Fitting self with others by focusing on
aspects of identity that make one similar to close others and collective
Focus on social roles and the self in
relation to others
E.g. daughter

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how does culture shape the individual

Guide what is normal and how to be a person
* We internalize this guidance and in doing
so, this shapes our self-concept

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parenting across individualistic culture

Infants spend lots of time with mothers, and
not with other adults or children
Mothers teach infants early on to spend
time on their own
Toys play an important role of distraction
Babies are expected to start sleeping alone
without parents, possibly in own room,
starting at 3 months
Emotional self-expression is encouraged
Babies are encouraged to smile and to make
positive vocalizations

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parenting for collectivistic culture

Infants spend lots of time with multiple
caregivers and other children
Mothers teach infants early on that
obedience and respect are important
Co-sleeping for the first couple years of life
Conversations with children are directive
and instructional and obedience is praised

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subsistence theory

the way people in a culture historically made a living influences culture

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farming cultures are more

interependent
* Many people have to work on one field
* People have to share the harvest of farming for the rest of the year

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Herding and fishing cultures are more

e independent
* Food is more consistent so have to negotiate with others less
* Herders rely on working with others less
* Can move if conflict arises

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eastern cultures=

traditionally farming culture

western cultures =

traditionally herding culture

cultural differences in cognition for individualistic cultures

Analytic thinking: * Focus on objects * Objects exist independent of context * Attributes * Categories used to explain behavior and make predictions

cultural differences in cognition for collectivistic cultures

Holistic thinking: * Focus on context as a whole and associations * Attend to relationships among objects and relationships among objects and context * Relationships are used to explain behavior and make predictions

which two go together american children

put the chicken and cow together because focus on category

which two go together chinese children

put the cow and grass together because focus on relationship

field dependence/ independence

degree to which a persons perception is affected by the context or surrounding environment

field dependent

more affected by context/ environment

field independent

less affected by context/environment

rod and frame test

psychophysical method of testing perception. It relies on the use of a rod and frame apparatus which uses a rotating rod set inside an individually rotatable drum, allowing an experimenter to vary the participant's frame of reference and thus test for their perception of vertical.

east asians are more

field dependent

causal attributions

why did this happen who is responsible

hypothesis for causal attribution

north Americans and east asians should attribute responsibility differently

north americans should be more likely to attribute responsibility

to the individual

east asians should be more likely to attribute responsibility to the

social collective or situation

cultural diff in causal attribution study

attribution of responsibility in newspapers

method study 1

Analyzed articles about “rogue trader” scandals reported in American vs. Japanese newspapers Counted # references to individual (disposition) vs. organization (situation) as responsible for scandal

results study 1

americans: individuals (disposition) japanese: organizations (situation)

western cultures are more

emotionally expressive

east asian cultures are more

emotionally restrained

value of expressing emotions should depend on

culture

western cultures believe suppressing emotions

is distressing and can lead to neg mental and physical health outcome personal expression is value

east asian cultures believe suppressing emotions

may not lead to neg mental and physical health outcomes emotional restraint is valued

greater emotional suppression related to poorer psychological functioning only for ___ but not for ___

european americans hongkong chinese

western cultures value

maximizing positive experiences and minimizing negative experiences

eastern cultures value

Value a balance of positive and negative emotional states

western cultures have emphasis on

socially disengaging emotions : * Emotions that focus on self and distinctiveness * More important for happiness (vs. socially engaging emotions)

eastern cultures have emphasis on

socially engaging emotions: * Emotions related to fitting in and connecting with others * More important for happiness (vs. socially disengaging emotions)

only what percent of the population is WEIRD

15%

what does WEIRD stand for

western, educated, individualized, rich, and democratic

expressive interdependence in Latino culture

Study by Salvador et al (2020): investigated this idea by comparing European Americans, Colombians, and Japanese students on cognition, attributions, and emotional experience

columbians in between americans and japanese on

field dependence vs independence

columbians in between americans and japanese in

making situational vs dispositional attributions

columbians are more... than japense and similar to americans

emotionally expressive

assertive interdependence in arabs

Study by San Martin et al (2018): investigated this idea by comparing European Americans, Saudis, Lebanese, and Japanese students on cognition and self-assertion

arabs showed

holistic cognition similar to japanese self-assertion similar to americans

implications of research in latino and arab cultures

Independence vs. interdependence looks different in different cultures