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PSYC 333 > lecture 5 > Flashcards

lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

theories of interpersonal sources of self-knowledge point to routes to self concept change

A
  • Sociocultural and environmental changes
  • Social role changes
  • Changing the looking-glass * Changes to who one is close to
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2
Q

sociocultural

A

social movements change the expectations and role identities available to members of a social group

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3
Q

what gradually influence the self-concepts of members of these groups

A

changes in expectations

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4
Q

environmental

A

self-concept may change in reaction to immediate change in social environment

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5
Q

gains and losses of social roles trigger

A

changes to the self concept

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6
Q

if someone percieves a lot of change and is feeling less positive there is

A

a period of self-concept confusion

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7
Q

when do gains and losses happen for SCC

A

early adulthood and late adulthood

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8
Q

people can purposely initiate a change in their self-concept if they believe

A

they are perceived by others in an undesirable way

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9
Q

changing perception of self by behaving differently until

A

person thinks that others see the self in the desired way

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10
Q

desired reputation is

A

most important self

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11
Q

fr change in self-concept to be permanent

A

behaviour consisten with new self needs to be consistent and recognized by others

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12
Q

since self concept is partially a result of who a person is close to

A

means that self concept will change when we become closer to new people

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13
Q

individualistic cultures

A
  • Common in Western countries
  • Prioritizing the individual via selfinterest and self-expression
  • Driver of behaviour are internal states
    (own thoughts, feelings, desires)
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14
Q

collectivistic cultures

A
  • Common in East Asian countries
  • Prioritizing the group and group harmony via suspension of self-interest
  • Drivers of behaviour are external factors
    (duties, norms, others’ expectations)
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15
Q

individualistic cultures foster

A

independent self-concept

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16
Q

collectivistic cultures foster

A

interdependent self-concept

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17
Q

individualistic cultures on independent self-concept

A
  • Distinguishing self from others by
    focusing on what makes one unique
    from others
  • Focus on personal identity (e.g. traits,
    abilities, interests)
  • E.g. extroverted
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18
Q

collectivistic cultures on interdependent self-concept

A
  • Fitting self with others by focusing on
    aspects of identity that make one similar to close others and collective
  • Focus on social roles and the self in
    relation to others
  • E.g. daughter
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19
Q

how does culture shape the individual

A

Guide what is normal and how to be a person
* We internalize this guidance and in doing
so, this shapes our self-concept

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20
Q

parenting across individualistic culture

A
  • Infants spend lots of time with mothers, and
    not with other adults or children
  • Mothers teach infants early on to spend
    time on their own
  • Toys play an important role of distraction
  • Babies are expected to start sleeping alone
    without parents, possibly in own room,
    starting at 3 months
  • Emotional self-expression is encouraged
  • Babies are encouraged to smile and to make
    positive vocalizations
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21
Q

parenting for collectivistic culture

A
  • Infants spend lots of time with multiple
    caregivers and other children
  • Mothers teach infants early on that
    obedience and respect are important
  • Co-sleeping for the first couple years of life
  • Conversations with children are directive
    and instructional and obedience is praised
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22
Q

subsistence theory

A

the way people in a culture historically made a living influences culture

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23
Q

farming cultures are more

A

interependent
* Many people have to work on one field
* People have to share the harvest of farming for the rest of the year

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24
Q

Herding and fishing cultures are more

A

e independent
* Food is more consistent so have to negotiate with others less
* Herders rely on working with others less
* Can move if conflict arises

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25
Q

eastern cultures=

A

traditionally farming culture

26
Q

western cultures =

A

traditionally herding culture

27
Q

cultural differences in cognition for individualistic cultures

A

Analytic thinking:
* Focus on objects
* Objects exist independent of context
* Attributes
* Categories used to explain behavior and make predictions

28
Q

cultural differences in cognition for collectivistic cultures

A

Holistic thinking:
* Focus on context as a whole and associations
* Attend to relationships among objects and relationships among objects and context
* Relationships are used to explain behavior and make predictions

29
Q

which two go together american children

A

put the chicken and cow together because focus on category

30
Q

which two go together chinese children

A

put the cow and grass together because focus on relationship

31
Q

field dependence/ independence

A

degree to which a persons perception is affected by the context or surrounding environment

32
Q

field dependent

A

more affected by context/ environment

33
Q

field independent

A

less affected by context/environment

34
Q

rod and frame test

A

psychophysical method of testing perception. It relies on the use of a rod and frame apparatus which uses a rotating rod set inside an individually rotatable drum, allowing an experimenter to vary the participant’s frame of reference and thus test for their perception of vertical.

35
Q

east asians are more

A

field dependent

36
Q

causal attributions

A

why did this happen who is responsible

37
Q

hypothesis for causal attribution

A

north Americans and east asians should attribute responsibility differently

38
Q

north americans should be more likely to attribute responsibility

A

to the individual

39
Q

east asians should be more likely to attribute responsibility to the

A

social collective or situation

40
Q

cultural diff in causal attribution study

A

attribution of responsibility in newspapers

41
Q

method study 1

A

Analyzed articles about “rogue trader” scandals reported in American
vs. Japanese newspapers

Counted # references to individual (disposition) vs. organization (situation) as responsible for scandal

42
Q

results study 1

A

americans: individuals (disposition)
japanese: organizations (situation)

43
Q

western cultures are more

A

emotionally expressive

44
Q

east asian cultures are more

A

emotionally restrained

45
Q

value of expressing emotions should depend on

A

culture

46
Q

western cultures believe suppressing emotions

A

is distressing and can lead to neg mental and physical health outcome

personal expression is value

47
Q

east asian cultures believe suppressing emotions

A

may not lead to neg mental and physical health outcomes

emotional restraint is valued

48
Q

greater emotional suppression related to poorer psychological functioning only for ___ but not for ___

A

european americans hongkong chinese

49
Q

western cultures value

A

maximizing positive experiences
and minimizing negative experiences

50
Q

eastern cultures value

A

Value a balance of positive and negative
emotional states

51
Q

western cultures have emphasis on

A

socially disengaging
emotions :
* Emotions that focus on self and distinctiveness
* More important for happiness (vs.
socially engaging emotions)

52
Q

eastern cultures have emphasis on

A

socially engaging emotions:
* Emotions related to fitting in and connecting with others
* More important for happiness (vs. socially
disengaging emotions)

53
Q

only what percent of the population is WEIRD

A

15%

54
Q

what does WEIRD stand for

A

western, educated, individualized, rich, and democratic

55
Q

expressive interdependence in Latino culture

A

Study by Salvador et al (2020): investigated this idea by comparing
European Americans, Colombians, and Japanese students on
cognition, attributions, and emotional experience

56
Q

columbians in between americans and japanese on

A

field dependence vs independence

57
Q

columbians in between americans and japanese in

A

making situational vs dispositional attributions

58
Q

columbians are more… than japense and similar to americans

A

emotionally expressive

59
Q

assertive interdependence in arabs

A

Study by San Martin et al (2018): investigated this idea by comparing European Americans, Saudis, Lebanese, and Japanese
students on cognition and self-assertion

60
Q

arabs showed

A

holistic cognition similar to japanese
self-assertion similar to americans

61
Q

implications of research in latino and arab cultures

A

Independence vs. interdependence looks different in different
cultures

PSYC 333 (13 decks)

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