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Block 2: Histology (Alternate) > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

(Innate Immunity)
Innate Immunity?

A

Rapid + Non-Specific Immune Response

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2
Q

(Innate Immunity)
Elements?

A

-Anatomical + physiological barriers
-Cells = macrophages + dendritic cells + NK cells –> phagocytic
-Pattern recognition –> PPRs (on immune cell) recognize PAMPs (on antigen) –> results in phagocytosis + killing of bacteria

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3
Q

(Adaptive Immunity)
Adaptive Immunity?

A

Slower + specific immune response –> immune memory leads to faster response in the future

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4
Q

(Adaptive Immunity)
Elements?

A

-Cells = lymphocytes –> T-cells (thymus) + B-cells (bone marrow)
-Cell-mediated response = T-cells –> cytotoxic TC (CD8+) cells kill bacteria (helper TH (CD4+) cells bind APCs to activate TC-cells or B-cells)
-Humoral response = B-cells –> generate plasma cells that produce antibodies

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5
Q

(Adaptive Immunity)
Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems interact with?

A

One another

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6
Q

(Lymphoid System - Primary and Secondary Organs)
Primary Lymphoid Organs?

A

(site of cell maturation/education)
-Thymus = T-cells
-Bone Marrow = B-cells
(GALT (gut associated lymphatic tissue))

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7
Q

(Lymphoid System - Primary and Secondary Organs)
GALT serves as?

A

Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Tissue

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8
Q

(Lymphoid System - Primary and Secondary Organs)
Secondary Lymphoid Organs?

A

(site of immune response)
-Diffuse lymphatic tissue = peyer’s patches, appendix; GALT (lamina propria)
-Lymphoid nodules = primary + secondary nodules
-Lymphoid nodes
-Tonsils = pharyngeal (adenoid), tubal, lingual, palatine
-Spleen

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9
Q

(Lymphoid System - Primary and Secondary Organs)
(Secondary Lymphoid Organs)
Diffuse Lymphatic Tissue?

A

Peyer’s patches, appendix; GALT (lamina propria)

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10
Q

(Lymphoid System - Primary and Secondary Organs)
(Secondary Lymphoid Organs)
Lymphoid Nodules?

A

Primary + Secondary Nodules

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11
Q

(Lymphoid System - Primary and Secondary Organs)
(Secondary Lymphoid Organs)
Tonsils?

A

Pharyngeal (adenoid), tubal, lingual, palatine

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12
Q

(Lymphoid System - Primary and Secondary Organs)
Bone Marrow produces lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes travel in blood –> migrate into secondary lymphoid organs/tissues
(lymphocytes are only cell population that can recirculate in blood)

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13
Q

(Lymphoid Nodules)
Nodules?

A

Secondary lymphoid organ (site of immune response)

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14
Q

(Lymphoid Nodules)
Types of Lymphoid Nodules?

A

-Primary Nodule (Follicle)
-Secondary Nodule (Follicle)

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15
Q

(Lymphoid Nodules)
(Types of Lymphoid Nodules)
Primary Nodule (Follicle)?

A

Inactive B-cells with NO germinal center

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16
Q

(Lymphoid Nodules)
(Types of Lymphoid Nodules)
Secondary Nodule (Follicle)?

A

Active B-cells with germinal center (secondary nodules are bigger in size)

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17
Q

(Lymphoid Nodules)
Germinal Center Characteristics?

A

-Located in center of nodule (follicle)
-Stains light due to euchromatin (active DNA in large lymphocytes)
-Develop in response to antigens
-Contains active B-cells (lymphocytes) (B-cells proliferate –> differentiate into plasma cells –> produce antigens)

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18
Q

(Lymphoid Nodules)
Lymphoid Nodule Organization?

A

-Nodule(s) + no capsule -Nodules + partial capsule
-Nodules + complete capsule

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19
Q

(Lymphoid Nodules)
(Lymphoid Nodule Organization)
Nodule(s) + no capsule?

A

Peyer’s patches (ileum) + appendix

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20
Q

(Lymphoid Nodules)
(Lymphoid Nodule Organization)
Nodules + partial capsule?

A

Tonsils

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21
Q

(Lymphoid Nodules)
(Lymphoid Nodule Organization)
Nodules + complete capsule?

A

Lymph nodes + spleen

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22
Q

(Lymphoid Nodules)
(Clinical Note)
Lymphadenitis?

A

Enlarge Lymph Nodes
(swelling (edema) = increase in fluid and hyperplasia = increase in B-cells in nodules)

23
Q

(Lymphoid Nodules)
H.E.V.s found in?

A

Peyer’s Patches

24
Q

(Tonsils)
Tonsils?

A

Secondary lymphoid organ (site of immune response)
(contain primary + secondary nodules (follicles) with a partial capsule)

25
Q

(Tonsils)
Waldeyer’s Ring?

A

All Tonsils Combined
(1 adenoid (pharyngeal) tonsil + 2 tubal tonsils + 2 palatine tonsils + 1 lingual tonsil)

26
Q

(Tonsils)
Adenoid (pharyngeal) Tonsil?

A

-Lined with ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
-Contain fewer primary + secondary lymphoid nodules (follicles)

27
Q

(Tonsils)
Palatine Tonsil?

A

-Lined with stratified squamous epithelium
-Contain many primary + secondary lymphoid nodules (follicles)
-Crypts = increase tonsil surface area –> allows antigens to hide

28
Q

(Tonsils)
Contain H.E.V.s –>?

A

Allow migration of lymphocytes from blood

29
Q

(Lymphoid Nodes)
Lymph Nodes?

A

Secondary lymphoid organ (site of immune response)
(found in clusters throughout body)
(contain primary + secondary lymphoid nodules (follicles) with complete capsules)
(function = filters lymphatic fluid –> removes antigens)

30
Q

(Lymphoid Nodes)
Lymph Node Organization?

A

(from outer to inner)
-Capsule
-Outer Cortex
-Inner (Deep) Cortex
-Medulla

31
Q

(Lymphoid Nodes)
(Lymph Node Organization)
Capsule?

A

Dense CT = reticular (type III collagen) fibers

32
Q

(Lymphoid Nodes)
(Lymph Node Organization)
Outer Cortex?

A

Site of lymph nodules = B-cells (+ germinal centers)

33
Q

(Lymphoid Nodes)
(Lymph Node Organization)
Inner (Deep) Cortex?

A

T-cells

34
Q

(Lymphoid Nodes)
(Lymph Node Organization)
Medulla?

A

Plasma cells (from B-cells) + macrophages (APCs)

35
Q

(Lymphoid Nodes)
Order of Lymphatic Fluid Flow?

A

-Afferent vessel (where lymph fluid (lymphocytes) arrives
-Subcapsular sinus
-Trabecular sinus
-Medullary sinus
-Efferent vessel (where lymph fluid (lymphocytes) exits

36
Q

(Lymphoid Nodes)
Lymphocytes + APCs also enter?

A

Lymph nodes through blood via H.E.V.s (cuboidal epithelium located in inner (deep) cortex)

37
Q

(Lymphoid Nodes)
Outer Cortex stains?

A

Dark

38
Q

(Lymphoid Nodes)
Medulla stains?

A

Light

39
Q

(Lymphoid Nodes)
Fibroblasts (reticulocytes) –>?

A

Reticular Fibers

40
Q

(Lymphatic Vessels)
Lymphatic Vessels connect?

A

Lymphatic system to vascular system (blood)

41
Q

(Lymphatic Vessels)
Lymphatic Capillaries?

A

Fenestrated
(lined with endothelium (simple squamous epithelium))
(pull fluid from surrounding loose CT –> including lymphocytes migrating from blood)

42
Q

(Lymphatic Vessels)
Afferent Vessels deliver?

A

Fluid to lymphoid organ/tissue
(walls contain valves to prevent back flow of lymphatic fluid)
(act similar to veins delivering blood to Heart)

43
Q

(Lymphatic Vessels)
Efferent Vessels deliver?

A

Fluid out of lymphoid organ/tissue
(act similar to arteries moving blood away from Heart)

44
Q

(Lymphatic Vessels)
Major Lymphatic Vessels?

A

-Right side of body = right lymphatic trunk
-Left side of body = thoracic duct –> dumps into left subclavian vein

45
Q

(Lymphatic Vessels)
Fenestrated Capillaries are made up of?

A

Digestive Organs + Pancreas

46
Q

(Spleen)
Spleen?

A

Secondary lymphoid organ (site of immune response)
(contain primary + secondary lymphoid nodules (follicles) with complete capsules)
(contains discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillaries but does NOT have H.E.V.s)

47
Q

(Spleen)
Spleen Functions?

A

-Filters blood (removes antigens + damaged RBCs + old platelets)
-Site of immune repose (because it is a secondary lymphoid organ)
-Storage for platelets

48
Q

(Spleen)
Spleen Organization?

A

-Capsule
-Red Pulp
-White Pulp

49
Q

(Spleen)
(Spleen Organization)
Capsule?

A

Reticular (type III collagen) fiber network

50
Q

(Spleen)
(Spleen Organization)
Red Pulp?

A

Site of blood filtration
(cords + sinuses = RBCs)

51
Q

(Spleen)
(Spleen Organization)
White Pulp?

A

Site of immune response
(periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) = T-cells)
(lymphoid nodules = B-cells (+ germinal centers))

52
Q

(Spleen)
Blood Filtration?

A

Open Circulation
(central artery delivers blood to spleen)
(capillaries terminate in red pulp –> RBCs travel to splenic sinus)
(macrophages stop damaged RBCs from entering sinus)

53
Q

(Spleen)
Efferent Vessels in?

A

Capsule + White Pulp

54
Q

(Spleen)
PALS is located around?

A

Central Artery

Block 2: Histology (Alternate) (8 decks)

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