Lecture 8 Flashcards by Andrew Glover

(Innate Immunity)
Innate Immunity?

Rapid + Non-Specific Immune Response

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(Innate Immunity)
Elements?

-Anatomical + physiological barriers
-Cells = macrophages + dendritic cells + NK cells –> phagocytic
-Pattern recognition –> PPRs (on immune cell) recognize PAMPs (on antigen) –> results in phagocytosis + killing of bacteria

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(Adaptive Immunity)
Adaptive Immunity?

Slower + specific immune response –> immune memory leads to faster response in the future

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(Adaptive Immunity)
Elements?

-Cells = lymphocytes –> T-cells (thymus) + B-cells (bone marrow)
-Cell-mediated response = T-cells –> cytotoxic TC (CD8+) cells kill bacteria (helper TH (CD4+) cells bind APCs to activate TC-cells or B-cells)
-Humoral response = B-cells –> generate plasma cells that produce antibodies

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(Adaptive Immunity)
Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems interact with?

One another

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(Lymphoid System - Primary and Secondary Organs)
Primary Lymphoid Organs?

(site of cell maturation/education)
-Thymus = T-cells
-Bone Marrow = B-cells
(GALT (gut associated lymphatic tissue))

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(Lymphoid System - Primary and Secondary Organs)
GALT serves as?

Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Tissue

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(Lymphoid System - Primary and Secondary Organs)
Secondary Lymphoid Organs?

(site of immune response)
-Diffuse lymphatic tissue = peyer’s patches, appendix; GALT (lamina propria)
-Lymphoid nodules = primary + secondary nodules
-Lymphoid nodes
-Tonsils = pharyngeal (adenoid), tubal, lingual, palatine
-Spleen

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(Lymphoid System - Primary and Secondary Organs)
(Secondary Lymphoid Organs)
Diffuse Lymphatic Tissue?

Peyer’s patches, appendix; GALT (lamina propria)

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(Lymphoid System - Primary and Secondary Organs)
(Secondary Lymphoid Organs)
Lymphoid Nodules?

Primary + Secondary Nodules

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(Lymphoid System - Primary and Secondary Organs)
(Secondary Lymphoid Organs)
Tonsils?

Pharyngeal (adenoid), tubal, lingual, palatine

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(Lymphoid System - Primary and Secondary Organs)
Bone Marrow produces lymphocytes?

Lymphocytes travel in blood –> migrate into secondary lymphoid organs/tissues
(lymphocytes are only cell population that can recirculate in blood)

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(Lymphoid Nodules)
Nodules?

Secondary lymphoid organ (site of immune response)

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(Lymphoid Nodules)
Types of Lymphoid Nodules?

-Primary Nodule (Follicle)
-Secondary Nodule (Follicle)

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(Lymphoid Nodules)
(Types of Lymphoid Nodules)
Primary Nodule (Follicle)?

Inactive B-cells with NO germinal center

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(Lymphoid Nodules)
(Types of Lymphoid Nodules)
Secondary Nodule (Follicle)?

Active B-cells with germinal center (secondary nodules are bigger in size)

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(Lymphoid Nodules)
Germinal Center Characteristics?

-Located in center of nodule (follicle)
-Stains light due to euchromatin (active DNA in large lymphocytes)
-Develop in response to antigens
-Contains active B-cells (lymphocytes) (B-cells proliferate –> differentiate into plasma cells –> produce antigens)

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(Lymphoid Nodules)
Lymphoid Nodule Organization?

-Nodule(s) + no capsule -Nodules + partial capsule
-Nodules + complete capsule

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(Lymphoid Nodules)
(Lymphoid Nodule Organization)
Nodule(s) + no capsule?

Peyer’s patches (ileum) + appendix

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(Lymphoid Nodules)
(Lymphoid Nodule Organization)
Nodules + partial capsule?

Tonsils

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(Lymphoid Nodules)
(Lymphoid Nodule Organization)
Nodules + complete capsule?

Lymph nodes + spleen

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(Lymphoid Nodules)
(Clinical Note)
Lymphadenitis?

Enlarge Lymph Nodes
(swelling (edema) = increase in fluid and hyperplasia = increase in B-cells in nodules)

(Lymphoid Nodules)
H.E.V.s found in?

Peyer’s Patches

(Tonsils)
Tonsils?

Secondary lymphoid organ (site of immune response)
(contain primary + secondary nodules (follicles) with a partial capsule)

(Tonsils) Waldeyer's Ring?

All Tonsils Combined (1 adenoid (pharyngeal) tonsil + 2 tubal tonsils + 2 palatine tonsils + 1 lingual tonsil)

(Tonsils) Adenoid (pharyngeal) Tonsil?

-Lined with ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium -Contain fewer primary + secondary lymphoid nodules (follicles)

(Tonsils) Palatine Tonsil?

-Lined with stratified squamous epithelium -Contain many primary + secondary lymphoid nodules (follicles) -Crypts = increase tonsil surface area --> allows antigens to hide

(Tonsils) Contain H.E.V.s -->?

Allow migration of lymphocytes from blood

(Lymphoid Nodes) Lymph Nodes?

Secondary lymphoid organ (site of immune response) (found in clusters throughout body) (contain primary + secondary lymphoid nodules (follicles) with complete capsules) (function = filters lymphatic fluid --> removes antigens)

(Lymphoid Nodes) Lymph Node Organization?

(from outer to inner) -Capsule -Outer Cortex -Inner (Deep) Cortex -Medulla

(Lymphoid Nodes) (Lymph Node Organization) Capsule?

Dense CT = reticular (type III collagen) fibers

(Lymphoid Nodes) (Lymph Node Organization) Outer Cortex?

Site of lymph nodules = B-cells (+ germinal centers)

(Lymphoid Nodes) (Lymph Node Organization) Inner (Deep) Cortex?

T-cells

(Lymphoid Nodes) (Lymph Node Organization) Medulla?

Plasma cells (from B-cells) + macrophages (APCs)

(Lymphoid Nodes) Order of Lymphatic Fluid Flow?

-Afferent vessel (where lymph fluid (lymphocytes) arrives -Subcapsular sinus -Trabecular sinus -Medullary sinus -Efferent vessel (where lymph fluid (lymphocytes) exits

(Lymphoid Nodes) Lymphocytes + APCs also enter?

Lymph nodes through blood via H.E.V.s (cuboidal epithelium located in inner (deep) cortex)

(Lymphoid Nodes) Outer Cortex stains?

Dark

(Lymphoid Nodes) Medulla stains?

Light

(Lymphoid Nodes) Fibroblasts (reticulocytes) -->?

Reticular Fibers

(Lymphatic Vessels) Lymphatic Vessels connect?

Lymphatic system to vascular system (blood)

(Lymphatic Vessels) Lymphatic Capillaries?

Fenestrated (lined with endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)) (pull fluid from surrounding loose CT --> including lymphocytes migrating from blood)

(Lymphatic Vessels) Afferent Vessels deliver?

Fluid to lymphoid organ/tissue (walls contain valves to prevent back flow of lymphatic fluid) (act similar to veins delivering blood to Heart)

(Lymphatic Vessels) Efferent Vessels deliver?

Fluid out of lymphoid organ/tissue (act similar to arteries moving blood away from Heart)

(Lymphatic Vessels) Major Lymphatic Vessels?

-Right side of body = right lymphatic trunk -Left side of body = thoracic duct --> dumps into left subclavian vein

(Lymphatic Vessels) Fenestrated Capillaries are made up of?

Digestive Organs + Pancreas

(Spleen) Spleen?

Secondary lymphoid organ (site of immune response) (contain primary + secondary lymphoid nodules (follicles) with complete capsules) (contains discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillaries but does NOT have H.E.V.s)

(Spleen) Spleen Functions?

-Filters blood (removes antigens + damaged RBCs + old platelets) -Site of immune repose (because it is a secondary lymphoid organ) -Storage for platelets

(Spleen) Spleen Organization?

-Capsule -Red Pulp -White Pulp

(Spleen) (Spleen Organization) Capsule?

Reticular (type III collagen) fiber network

(Spleen) (Spleen Organization) Red Pulp?

Site of blood filtration (cords + sinuses = RBCs)

(Spleen) (Spleen Organization) White Pulp?

Site of immune response (periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) = T-cells) (lymphoid nodules = B-cells (+ germinal centers))

(Spleen) Blood Filtration?

Open Circulation (central artery delivers blood to spleen) (capillaries terminate in red pulp --> RBCs travel to splenic sinus) (macrophages stop damaged RBCs from entering sinus)

(Spleen) Efferent Vessels in?

Capsule + White Pulp

(Spleen) PALS is located around?

Central Artery