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Block 2: Histology (Alternate) > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Integument?

A

Your skin = epidermis + dermis

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2
Q

(Integument)
Skin is covered by?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
(epithelium –> basement membrane –> loose CT (papillary layer) –> dense CT (reticular layer))

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3
Q

(Integument)
Functions of the Skin?

A

-Barrier
-Homeostasis
-Immunologic (barrier)
-Sensory –> nerve tissue (Pacinian + Meissner’s corpuscles)
-Endocrine
-Excretion –> glandular tissue (sweat + oil)

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4
Q

(Integument)
Hypodermis is mostly?

A

Fat Tissues

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5
Q

(Integument)
Sensory?

A

Nerve Tissue (Pacinian + Meissner’s corpuscles)

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6
Q

(Integument)
Excretion?

A

Glandular Tissue (sweat + oil)

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7
Q

(Epidermis - Layers)
Epidermis?

A

Epithelium - derived from ectoderm
(consists of 5 layers (thick skin) or 4 layers (thin skin)

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8
Q

(Epidermis - Layers)
Thick Skin Layers?

A

-Stratum Corneum
-Stratum Lucidum (thick skin only)
-Stratum Granulosum (H2O Barrier)
-Stratum Spinosum
-Stratum Basale (Germinativum)

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9
Q

(Epidermis - Layers)
Thin Skin Layers?

A

-Stratum Corneum
-Stratum Granulosum (H2O Barrier)
-Stratum Spinosum
-Stratum Basale (Germinativum)

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10
Q

(Epidermis - Layers)
Stratum Corneum

A

1st
(dead, flattened keratinized cells = horny cells)

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11
Q

(Epidermis - Layers)
Stratum Lucidum?

A

2nd
(Thick Skin ONLY)
(thin + clear layer of dead, flattened keratinocytes)
(acidophilic stains more pink/red)

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12
Q

(Epidermis - Layers)
Stratum Granulosum?

A

3rd
(H2O Barrier)
(keratohyalin granules + membrane coating granules)
(lamellar bodies –> lipid insoluble proteins = waterproof)
(basophilic stains dark purple)

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13
Q

(Epidermis - Layers)
Stratum Spinosum?

A

4th
(polygonal cells with desmosomes generates cohesion)
(presence of mitotically active cells)

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14
Q

(Epidermis - Layers)
Stratum Basale?

A

5th
(Germinativum)
(columnar cells with desmosomes + hemidesmosomes)
(most mitotically active layer replenish cell population)

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15
Q

(Epidermis - Layers)
Mitotically Active Region?

A

Malphigian Layer = Spinosum + Basale

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16
Q

(Clinical Note - Cutaneous Burns)
1st Degree Burns?

A

Patient can repair epidermis
(damage to stratum cornea + lucid + granulosum + spinous)
(stratum basale is unharmed and can restore lost cell population)

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17
Q

(Clinical Note - Cutaneous Burns)
2nd Degree Burns?

A

Patient can regenerate lost epidermis from dermis
(damage to all layers of epidermis)
(sweat glands + hair follicles in dermis (derived from stratum basal of epidermis) can regenerate epidermis

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18
Q

(Clinical Note - Cutaneous Burns)
3rd Degree Burns?

A

Patient has complete loss of epidermis + dermis
(can only repair with skin grafts)
(most dangerous burn because loss of H2O barrier can cause death (dehydration))

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19
Q

(Epidermis - Cells)
Keratinocytes?

A

(most abundant cell type)
-Produced in stratum basal (move to spinous + proliferate)
-As cells mature they accumulate keratin filaments (granules)
-Start to die in stratum granulosum (move to corneum)
-Can store melanin produced by melanocytes

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20
Q

(Epidermis - Cells)
Langerhans Cells?

A

-Found in stratum spinosum
-Derived from mesoderm
-Act as immune cell (APC) = migrate into dermis then lymph

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21
Q

(Epidermis - Cells)
Melanocytes?

A

-Found in stratum basale (germinativum) with hemidesmosomes
-Derived from neural crest cells which allows for migration
-Contain tyrosinase –> produces melanin –> gives skin color (melanin protects keratinocytes from UV radiation)

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22
Q

(Epidermis - Cells)
Merkel Cells?

A

-Found in stratum basale (germinativum) of only thick skin
-Specialized keratinocytes = mechanoreceptor (sensory) cells

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23
Q

(Clinical Note - Epithelial Skin Cancers)
Types of Epithelial Skin Cancers?

A

-Basal Cell Carcinoma
-Squamous Cell Carcinoma
-Malignant Melanoma

24
Q

(Clinical Note - Epithelial Skin Cancers)
Basal Cell Carcinoma?

A

-Occurs in thin skin only (where sebaceous glands are located)
-Affects keratinocytes in stratum basale –> excess basal cells in areas they shouldn’t be (like dermis)

25
Q

(Clinical Note - Epithelial Skin Cancers)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

A

-Loss of normal (squamous) epithelium –> appearance of cuboidal or columnar cells
-Affects keratinocytes all throughout epithelial layers

26
Q

(Clinical Note - Epithelial Skin Cancers)
Malignant Melanoma?

A

-Most dangerous form of skin cancer
-Affects melanocytes in stratum basale –> migrate into dermis –> invade blood + lymph vessels to spread cancer

27
Q

(Clinical Note - Epithelial Skin Cancers)
Affects Keratinocytes?

A

-Basal Cell Carcinoma
-Squamous Cell Carcinoma

28
Q

(Dermis - Layers)
Dermis is made up of?

A

Loose + Dense CT underlying epithelium

29
Q

(Dermis - Layers)
Upper Loose CT Layer?

A

(Papillary Layer)
-Cellular layer because loose CT = cells > fibers
-Cell populations = fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, etc.
-Considered a part of the dermal papillae

30
Q

(Dermis - Layers)
Lower Dense CT Layer?

A

(Reticular Layer)
-Fibrous layer because dense CT = fibers > cells
-Made up of type I collagen fibers
-Contents (sweat glands, sebaceous glands (thin skin only), nerve fiber (Pacinian + Meissner’s), and arrestor muscle (thin skin only)

31
Q

(Dermis - Layers)
Lower Dense CT Layer contents?

A

-Sweat Glands
-Sebaceous Glands (thin skin only)
-Nerve Fiber (Pacinian + Meissner’s corpuscles)
-Arrestor Muscle (thin skin only)

32
Q

(Dermis - Layers)
Dermis in thin skin is the same as?

A

Thick Skin
(except thin skin has sebaceous glands + arrector muscle (for hair))

33
Q

(Dermis - Layers)
Structures in the Dermis come from cells in the?

A

Epidermis

34
Q

(Hair Follicles)
Found in the?

A

Dermis of ONLY thin skin
(down growth of epidermis into dermis)
(usually near sebaceous (oil) glands in dermis (apocrine sweat glands in armpits))

35
Q

(Hair Follicles)
External + Internal Root Sheaths?

A

Basal Cells
(surrounded by dense CT within dermis)

36
Q

(Hair Follicles)
Dermal Papillae?

A

Hair Bulb surrounded by root sheath
(located at bottom of hair follicle (aka root))
(contains vasculature to nourish hair)

37
Q

(Hair Follicles)
Hair itself in the follicle has?

A

2 Layer (cortex + medulla)

38
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands?

A

Most common sweat gland (watery, non-viscous secretion

39
Q

(Eccrine Sweat Glands)
Derived from?

A

Epidermal Cells (ex. basal cells) invading down into dermis

40
Q

(Eccrine Sweat Glands)
Characterized by?

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
(myoepithelial cells help to squeeze out secretions from gland; these cells stain dark pink + contain actin)

41
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands?

A

Less common sweat glands because it is only located in the axillary, areolar and anal regions
(sexual function = pheromones (starts at puberty))

42
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands are composed of?

A

Protein-rich, viscous, odorless secretion

43
Q

(Apocrine Sweat Glands)
Glands secrete fluids into ducts?

A

Ducts open into hair follicle + secrete fluid

44
Q

(Apocrine Sweat Glands)
Mammary Glands?

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands
(active glands have lots of glandular tissue; inactive is mostly CT with scarce amount of glands)

45
Q

(Sebaceous (Oil) Glands)
Located?

A

Only in thin skin because they develop with hair follicles
(ex. lips (mouth), glans (penis), and clitoris (vagina))

46
Q

(Sebaceous (Oil) Glands)
Secrete?

A

Sebum (oil) via holocrine secretion –> more active after puberty

47
Q

(Sebaceous (Oil) Glands)
Characterized by?

A

Basal cells (from epidermis)
(as cells swell + fill with oil, large cell will lose its nuclei)

48
Q

Nails?

A

Plates of keratinized epithelial cells (ex. nails are dead skin cells)

49
Q

(Nails)
Nail Layers?

A

(superficial to deep)
-Nail Plate
-Nail Bed
-Nail Matrix

50
Q

(Nails)
(Nail Layers)
Nail Plate?

A

(top)
Keratinized epithelial cells

51
Q

(Nails)
(Nail Layers)
Nail Bed?

A

(middle)
Epithelial cells of stratum spinous + basale (ex. malphigian layer)

52
Q

(Nails)
(Nail Layers)
Nail Matrix?

A

(bottom)
-Generates cells of nail bed

53
Q

(Nails)
Root of the Nail is where?

A

Nail grows from then it grows distally on top of nail bed

54
Q

(Dermis - Free Nerve Endings (Nerve Tissue))
What are free nerve endings?

A

Unmyelinated axons (nerve tissue) in dermis penetrate up into malphigian layer of epidermis

55
Q

(Dermis - Free Nerve Endings (Nerve Tissue))
Meissner’s Corpuscles?

A

-Present in thick skin (most abundant) + thin skin (identify in upper (papillary) layer of dermis
-Function = discriminative touch/edge detection

56
Q

(Dermis - Free Nerve Endings (Nerve Tissue))
Pacinian Corpuscles?

A

-Present in thick skin + thin skin (identify in lower (reticular) layer of dermis
-Function = deep pressure + vibration

57
Q

(Clinical Note - Epithelial Skin Cancers)
Affects Melanocytes?

A

Malignant Melanoma
(most dangerous form of skin cancer)

Block 2: Histology (Alternate) (8 decks)

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