Lecture 2

Question 1

(Nasal Cavity - Olfactory Epithelium)
Olfactory Epithelium?

Answer 1

Pseudostratified columnar cells
(lines roof of nasal cavity)
(specialized sensory function)

Question 2

(Nasal Cavity - Olfactory Epithelium)
Layers from Inner (lumen) to Outer (CT)?

Answer 2

-Supportive (sustentacular) cells
-Olfactory cells containing non-motile cilia (9+2)
-Basal (stem) cells = neuronal cells with axons

Question 3

(Nasal Cavity - Olfactory Epithelium)
Non-Motile Cilia do NOT have?

Answer 3

Dynein arms

Question 4

(Nasal Cavity - Olfactory Epithelium)
Axons from basal cells extend through the?

Answer 4

Basement Membrane + Underlying CT to establish olfactory nerves (ex. provide sensory function of smell)

Question 5

(Nasal Cavity - Olfactory Epithelium)
Olfactory (Bowman’s) glands?

Answer 5

Ducts empty onto surface
(glandular tissue = marked by simple cuboidal cells)
(glandular tissue is also found in underlying CT beneath basement membrane)

Question 6

(Larynx - Structure)
Larynx is made up of?

Answer 6

Epiglottis + false vocal cord + true vocal cord

Question 7

(Larynx - Structure)
Epiglottis?

Answer 7

Covered by 2 different epitheliums
(anterior = stratified squamous)
(posterior = ciliated pseudostratifed columnar)

Question 8

(Larynx - Structure)
False Vocal Cord?

Answer 8

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar

Question 9

(Larynx - Structure)
True Vocal Cord?

Answer 9

Stratified Squamous

Question 10

(Larynx - Structure)
Structures located in the underlying CT?

Answer 10

-Mucous glands (secrete mucous)
-Elastic cartilage (stains dark purple due to elastic fibers)

Question 11

Epithelium lines our respiratory tract, it gets shorter as it gets to?

Answer 11

Bronchioles, once we reach alveoli it turns into a simple epithelium
(GO OVER)

Question 12

(Cilia - Function)
Cilia is motile due to?

Answer 12

Dynein arms
(it beats forward in a synchronous pattern)

Question 13

(Cilia - Function)
Cilia straightens + pushes against?

Answer 13

Mucous layer to project it forward

Question 14

(Cilia - Function)
Cilia bends + dips below into?

Answer 14

Thin watery layer on recovery beat

Question 15

(Cilia - Function)
What would happen if you damaged the cilia?

Answer 15

-Decreased ability to clear mucous out of respiratory system –> leading to build of mucous
-Damage to epithelium causes cells to shift and an increase in basal cells to replace damaged cells

Question 16

(Cilia - Function)
Loss of normal respiratory (ciliated pseudo stratified columnar) epithelium leads to?

Answer 16

Lung Diseases/Cancer

Question 17

(Trachea - Structure)
Location?

Answer 17

Anterior to esophagus
(posterior portion touching esophagus made of smooth muscle)

Question 18

(Trachea - Structure)
Covered by?

Answer 18

Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
(underlying CT contains some mucous glands)

Question 19

(Trachea - Structure)
Dense CT Layer?

Answer 19

Perichondrium (covers hyaline cartilage)

Question 20

Bronchi (Bronchus)?

Answer 20

-Lined with ciliated pseudostratifed columnar epithelium
-Contains hyaline cartilage + mucous glands + smooth muscle

Question 21

(Bronchi (Bronchus))
Bronchi + Trachea are only respiratory structure to have?

Answer 21

Hyaline Cartilage

Question 22

Bronchioles?

Answer 22

-Terminal bronchioles lined with shorter ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
-Respiratory bronchioles lined with a more simple cuboidal epithelium
-Contains smooth muscle

Question 23

(Bronchioles)
Clara cells?

Answer 23

1st appear in terminal bronchioles (abundant in respiratory bronchioles)
(they produce lipoprotein which prevents adhesions bronchiole wall during collapse)

Question 24

(Bronchioles)
Bronchi + Bronchioles typically?

Answer 24

Arteries are next to them

Question 25

(Alveoli Structure)
Cell Components of Alveolar Wall?

Answer 25

-Type I pneumocytes (squamous (gas exchange))
-Type II pneumocytes (cuboidal (make surfactant))
-Fibroblasts (spindle-shaped)
-Macrophages (irregularly-shaped)

Question 26

(Alveoli Structure)
(Cell Components of Alveolar Wall)
Type I Pneumocytes?

Answer 26

Squamous (Gas Exchange)

Question 27

(Alveoli Structure)
(Cell Components of Alveolar Wall)
Type II Pneumocytes?

Answer 27

Cuboidal (Make Surfactant)

Question 28

(Alveoli Structure)
(Cell Components of Alveolar Wall)
Alveoli form blood-air barrier for?

Answer 28

Gas Exchange
(O2 travels through type I pneumocytes (endothelial cells))
(CO2 travels through endothelial cell (type I pneumocytes))

Question 29

(Clinical Notes)
Asthma?

Answer 29

Inflammation + excess mucous secretion obstructs airway
(allergic response –> IgE binds to mast cell which releases histamine)

Question 30

(Clinical Notes)
Cystic Fibrosis?

Answer 30

Abnormally thick mucous that is difficult to clear out of respiratory system
(decreased Cl- secretion results in increased Na+ absorption which draws water out of mucous)

Question 31

(Clinical Notes)
Emphysema?

Answer 31

Destruction of alveolar walls leads to insufficient gas exchange during respiration
(loss of elastin weakens alveolar wall results in enlarged air spaces)

Question 32

(Clinical Notes)
Hyaline Membrane Disease?

Answer 32

Collapse of alveoli
(lack of type 2 pneumocytes results in decreased production of surfactant needed to prevent alveolar collapse)

Question 33

(Trachea - Structure)
Hyaline Cartilage?

Answer 33

C-shaped tracheal rings