Lecture 2 Flashcards by Andrew Glover

(Nasal Cavity - Olfactory Epithelium)
Olfactory Epithelium?

Pseudostratified columnar cells
(lines roof of nasal cavity)
(specialized sensory function)

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(Nasal Cavity - Olfactory Epithelium)
Layers from Inner (lumen) to Outer (CT)?

-Supportive (sustentacular) cells
-Olfactory cells containing non-motile cilia (9+2)
-Basal (stem) cells = neuronal cells with axons

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(Nasal Cavity - Olfactory Epithelium)
Non-Motile Cilia do NOT have?

Dynein arms

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(Nasal Cavity - Olfactory Epithelium)
Axons from basal cells extend through the?

Basement Membrane + Underlying CT to establish olfactory nerves (ex. provide sensory function of smell)

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(Nasal Cavity - Olfactory Epithelium)
Olfactory (Bowman’s) glands?

Ducts empty onto surface
(glandular tissue = marked by simple cuboidal cells)
(glandular tissue is also found in underlying CT beneath basement membrane)

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(Larynx - Structure)
Larynx is made up of?

Epiglottis + false vocal cord + true vocal cord

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(Larynx - Structure)
Epiglottis?

Covered by 2 different epitheliums
(anterior = stratified squamous)
(posterior = ciliated pseudostratifed columnar)

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(Larynx - Structure)
False Vocal Cord?

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar

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(Larynx - Structure)
True Vocal Cord?

Stratified Squamous

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(Larynx - Structure)
Structures located in the underlying CT?

-Mucous glands (secrete mucous)
-Elastic cartilage (stains dark purple due to elastic fibers)

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Epithelium lines our respiratory tract, it gets shorter as it gets to?

Bronchioles, once we reach alveoli it turns into a simple epithelium
(GO OVER)

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(Cilia - Function)
Cilia is motile due to?

Dynein arms
(it beats forward in a synchronous pattern)

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(Cilia - Function)
Cilia straightens + pushes against?

Mucous layer to project it forward

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(Cilia - Function)
Cilia bends + dips below into?

Thin watery layer on recovery beat

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(Cilia - Function)
What would happen if you damaged the cilia?

-Decreased ability to clear mucous out of respiratory system –> leading to build of mucous
-Damage to epithelium causes cells to shift and an increase in basal cells to replace damaged cells

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(Cilia - Function)
Loss of normal respiratory (ciliated pseudo stratified columnar) epithelium leads to?

Lung Diseases/Cancer

(Trachea - Structure)
Location?

Anterior to esophagus
(posterior portion touching esophagus made of smooth muscle)

(Trachea - Structure)
Covered by?

Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
(underlying CT contains some mucous glands)

(Trachea - Structure)
Dense CT Layer?

Perichondrium (covers hyaline cartilage)

Bronchi (Bronchus)?

-Lined with ciliated pseudostratifed columnar epithelium
-Contains hyaline cartilage + mucous glands + smooth muscle

(Bronchi (Bronchus))
Bronchi + Trachea are only respiratory structure to have?

Hyaline Cartilage

Bronchioles?

-Terminal bronchioles lined with shorter ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
-Respiratory bronchioles lined with a more simple cuboidal epithelium
-Contains smooth muscle

(Bronchioles)
Clara cells?

1st appear in terminal bronchioles (abundant in respiratory bronchioles)
(they produce lipoprotein which prevents adhesions bronchiole wall during collapse)

(Bronchioles)
Bronchi + Bronchioles typically?

Arteries are next to them

(Alveoli Structure) Cell Components of Alveolar Wall?

-Type I pneumocytes (squamous (gas exchange)) -Type II pneumocytes (cuboidal (make surfactant)) -Fibroblasts (spindle-shaped) -Macrophages (irregularly-shaped)

(Alveoli Structure) (Cell Components of Alveolar Wall) Type I Pneumocytes?

Squamous (Gas Exchange)

(Alveoli Structure) (Cell Components of Alveolar Wall) Type II Pneumocytes?

Cuboidal (Make Surfactant)

(Alveoli Structure) (Cell Components of Alveolar Wall) Alveoli form blood-air barrier for?

Gas Exchange (O2 travels through type I pneumocytes (endothelial cells)) (CO2 travels through endothelial cell (type I pneumocytes))

(Clinical Notes) Asthma?

Inflammation + excess mucous secretion obstructs airway (allergic response --> IgE binds to mast cell which releases histamine)

(Clinical Notes) Cystic Fibrosis?

Abnormally thick mucous that is difficult to clear out of respiratory system (decreased Cl- secretion results in increased Na+ absorption which draws water out of mucous)

(Clinical Notes) Emphysema?

Destruction of alveolar walls leads to insufficient gas exchange during respiration (loss of elastin weakens alveolar wall results in enlarged air spaces)

(Clinical Notes) Hyaline Membrane Disease?

Collapse of alveoli (lack of type 2 pneumocytes results in decreased production of surfactant needed to prevent alveolar collapse)

(Trachea - Structure) Hyaline Cartilage?

C-shaped tracheal rings