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Block 2: Histology (Alternate) > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

(Blood)
What is Blood?

A

A specialized CT consisting of cells + plasma (fluid) –> stains using Wright’s stain

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2
Q

(Blood)
Cells?

A

RBCs (erythrocytes) + WBCs (leukocytes) + platelets (thrombocytes)

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3
Q

(Blood)
Plasma?

A

Albumin (protein) + immunoglobulins (antibodies) + fibrinogen (clotting factor)

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4
Q

(Blood)
Hematocrit?

A

Volume of packed RBCs (erythrocytes) in a blood sample

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5
Q

(Blood)
Clinical Note - Hematocrit?

A

Anemia presents with low HCT valve

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6
Q

(Blood)
When blood is placed in a tube and put through centrifuge it separates into 3 layers?

A

-Plasma (50% of sample)
-Buffy coat (~1% of sample)
-RBCs (erythrocytes) (~40% of sample)

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7
Q

(Blood)
Buffy Coat?

A

WBCs (leukocytes) + platelets (~1% of sample)

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8
Q

(Blood)
Blood removed without anticoagulants results in 2 layers?

A

-Serum
-Blood clot

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9
Q

(Blood)
Serum?

A

Plasma that does NOT have fibrinogen (clotting factor)

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10
Q

(Blood)
Blood Clot?

A

Fibrinogen (clotting factor) + blood cells

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11
Q

(Clinical Note - Plasma and Tissue Fluid)
Plasma protein (albumin) maintains?

A

Osmotic Pressure inside blood vessels
(osmotic pressure on blood vessel wall changes according to protein (albumin) concentration inside vessel)

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12
Q

(Clinical Note - Plasma and Tissue Fluid)
Low levels of albumin?

A

Decreases osmotic pressure –> causes fluid to leak out and into surrounding tissue –> swelling (edema)
(transudate = low protein)

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13
Q

(Clinical Note - Plasma and Tissue Fluid)
High levels of albumin?

A

Increases osmotic pressure –> pulls fluid into vessel (to dilute highly concentrated albumin)
(exudate = high protein)

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14
Q

(Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes)
Characteristics?

A

-Nuclei: enucleate (no nucleus)
-Shape: biconcave disc
-Stain: pink (eosin) due to high concentration of hemoglobin
-Circulation: 120 days
-Function: transport O2 + CO2

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15
Q

(Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes)
Types of Hemoglobin (Hb)?

A

-HbA (adults (96% of all hemoglobin))
-HbF (fetus (<1% of all hemoglobin))

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16
Q

(Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes)
Sickle Cell Disease?

A

(HbS)
Single point mutation in Hb gene

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17
Q

(Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes)
Sickle Cell Anemia?

A

Destruction of normal RBC disc shape
(sickle shape of RBCs cause blockages in blood vessels)

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18
Q

(Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes)
Jaundice?

A

Excessive breakdown of RBCs –> yellowing of skin
(Hereditary spherocytosis)
(Hereditary elliptocytosis)

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19
Q

(Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes)
(Jaundice)
Hereditary Spherocytosis?

A

(spherical shape)
Mutation of ankyrin proteins

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20
Q

(Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes)
(Jaundice)
Hereditary Elliptocytosis?

A

(elliptical shape)
Mutation of spectrin proteins

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21
Q

(White Blood Cells - Leukocytes)
WBCs?

A

Leukocytes

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22
Q

(White Blood Cells - Leukocytes)
Divided into 2 categories?

A

-Granulocytes
-Agranulocytes

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23
Q

(White Blood Cells - Leukocytes)
Granulocytes?

A

-Primary (Azurophilic) Granules
-Secondary (Specific) Granules
(neutrophils) (basophils) (eosinophils)

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24
Q

(White Blood Cells - Leukocytes)
Agranulocytes?

A

-Only Primary Azurophilic Granules
(lymphocytes (B or T cells)
(monocytes)

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25
(White Blood Cells - Leukocytes) Some cells can migrate out of the blood?
Into loose CT (monocytes (blood) and macrophages (tissue)) (basophils (blood) and mast cells (tissue))
26
(White Blood Cells - Leukocytes) Only Lymphocytes can?
Recirculate
27
(White Blood Cells - Neutrophil) Most abundant leukocyte (WBC)?
Neutrophil (PMNs)
28
(White Blood Cells - Neutrophil) Neutrophils (granulocytes)?
-Primary (azurophilic) granules = lysosomes -Secondary (specific) granules = lysozymes --> inflammation -Tertiary granules = metalloproteinases (MMPs) --> neutrophil migration
29
(White Blood Cells - Neutrophil) Characteristics?
-Nuclei: multi-lobed -Shape: large circular cell -Stain: moderate amount of granules; stains light Circulation: 6-10 hours -Function: 1st line of defense against bacteria (innate immunity)
30
(White Blood Cells - Neutrophil) 1st line defense against bacteria?
Neutrophils
31
(White Blood Cells - Neutrophil) Neutrophil Migration?
Rolling --> Adhesion --> Migration (interns (on neutrophils) bind ICAM (on endothelium)) (migrated to site of injury + phagocytize bacteria via degranulation) (cells accumulate with dead bacteria --> generates pus)
32
(White Blood Cells - Neutrophil) Barr Body?
Inactive X Chromosomes
33
(White Blood Cells - Basophil) Basophils?
(granulocytes) -Primary (azurophilic) granules = lysosomes -Secondary (specific) granules = histamine + vasoactive reagents
34
(White Blood Cells - Basophil) Characteristics?
-Nuclei: bi-lobed; "S"-shaped -Shape: large circular cell -Stain: lots of granules stain dark -Circulation: N/A -Function: response to allergic reaction
35
(White Blood Cells - Basophil) Allergy Response?
-Ags bind IgE (on basophil surface) -Degranulation of secondary (specific) granules with vasoactive reagents -Results in hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis
36
(White Blood Cells - Basophil) Mast Cells perform just like?
Basophils -They do same exact things as basophils just in CT -Mast cells originate from B-cells (lymphocytes) in blood
37
(White Blood Cells - Eosinophil) Eosinophils?
(granulocytes) -Primary (azurophilic) granules = lysosomes -Secondary (specific) granules = major basic protein (MBP) + peroxidase
38
(White Blood Cells - Eosinophil) Characteristics?
-Nuclei: bi-lobed -Shape: large circular cell -Stain: lots of granules stain orange/pink/red -Circulation: N/A -Function: response to parasitic (helminth) infection
39
(White Blood Cells - Eosinophil) Found in blood or?
Loose CT (lamina propria) during: -Chronic inflammation -Parasitic (helminth) infection -Allergic response (due to association with basophils)
40
(White Blood Cells - Monocyte) Monocytes?
(agranulocytes) Primary (azurophilic) granules = lysosomes
41
(White Blood Cells - Monocyte) Characteristics?
-Nuclei: mono-lobed; "C"-shaped or bean shaped nucleus -Shape: largest circular cell in a blood smear -Stain: light due to lack granules -Circulation: 1-3 days -Function: innate immune response
42
(White Blood Cells - Monocyte) Immune Response?
-Monocytes migrate to site of injury --> transform into macrophages -Macrophages (in CT) = APCs --> phagocytize bacteria
43
(White Blood Cells - Lymphocyte) Lymphocytes?
(agranulocytes) Primary (azurophilic) granules = lysosomes
44
(White Blood Cells - Lymphocyte) Characteristics?
-Nuclei: large circular nucleus takes up entire cell -Shape: small circular cell (slightly bigger than RBCs) -Stain: large nucleus stains dark -Circulation: N/A -Function: cell-mediated + humoral immune responses
45
(White Blood Cells - Lymphocyte) T-Cells?
Cell-Mediated Immunity -Th (helper) --> CD4 (MHC-II) -Tc (cytotoxic) --> CD8 (MHC-I)
46
(White Blood Cells - Lymphocyte) B-Cells?
Humoral Immunity -Become activated upon Ag binding -Transform into plasma cells --> produce antibodies
47
(White Blood Cells - Lymphocyte) Lymphocytes can recirculate after?
Leaving blood (this is the only cell to do that)
48
(White Blood Cells - Lymphocyte) Only cell to recirculate after leaving blood?
Lymphocytes
49
(Platelets (Thrombocytes)) Platelets?
Thrombocytes -Granules = fibrinogen + plasminogen + platelet-derived growth factor
50
(Platelets (Thrombocytes)) Granules?
Fibrinogen + plasminogen + platelet-derived growth factor
51
(Platelets (Thrombocytes)) Characteristics?
-Nuclei: anucleate (no nucleus) -Shape: small circular discs (smaller than RBCs) -Stain: pink (light) due to absence of nucleus -Circulation: 8-10 days -Function: blood clotting + tissue repair
52
(Platelets (Thrombocytes)) Divided into 4 zones?
-Peripheral zone -Structural zone -Organelle zone -Membrane zone
53
(Platelets (Thrombocytes)) (4 Zones) Peripheral Zone?
Cell Membrane
54
(Platelets (Thrombocytes)) (4 Zones) Structural Zone?
Cytoskeleton (actin, myosin, microtubules)
55
(Platelets (Thrombocytes)) (4 Zones) Organelle Zone?
Granules
56
(Platelets (Thrombocytes)) (4 Zones) Membrane Zone?
2 types of membrane channels
57
(Platelets (Thrombocytes)) Derived from?
Megakaryocytes (in bone marrow)
58
(Platelets (Thrombocytes)) Blood Clot Formation?
-Serotonin stops blood flow at injury site -ADP + thromboxane A1 cause platelet aggregation --> primary plug -Fibrinogen converts to fibrin --> secondary plug --> blood flow returns
59
(Platelets (Thrombocytes)) (Blood Clot Formation) Primary Plug?
ADP + thromboxane A1 cause platelet aggregation
60
(Platelets (Thrombocytes)) (Blood Clot Formation) Secondary Plug?
Fibrinogen converts to fibrin
61
(White Blood Cells - Monocyte) Immune Response?
-Monocytes migrate to site of injury --> transform into macrophages -Macrophages (in CT) = APCs --> phagocytize bacteria

Block 2: Histology (Alternate) (8 decks)

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