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Block 2: Histology (Alternate) > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

(Blood)
What is Blood?

A

A specialized CT consisting of cells + plasma (fluid) –> stains using Wright’s stain

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2
Q

(Blood)
Cells?

A

RBCs (erythrocytes) + WBCs (leukocytes) + platelets (thrombocytes)

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3
Q

(Blood)
Plasma?

A

Albumin (protein) + immunoglobulins (antibodies) + fibrinogen (clotting factor)

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4
Q

(Blood)
Hematocrit?

A

Volume of packed RBCs (erythrocytes) in a blood sample

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5
Q

(Blood)
Clinical Note - Hematocrit?

A

Anemia presents with low HCT valve

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6
Q

(Blood)
When blood is placed in a tube and put through centrifuge it separates into 3 layers?

A

-Plasma (50% of sample)
-Buffy coat (~1% of sample)
-RBCs (erythrocytes) (~40% of sample)

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7
Q

(Blood)
Buffy Coat?

A

WBCs (leukocytes) + platelets (~1% of sample)

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8
Q

(Blood)
Blood removed without anticoagulants results in 2 layers?

A

-Serum
-Blood clot

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9
Q

(Blood)
Serum?

A

Plasma that does NOT have fibrinogen (clotting factor)

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10
Q

(Blood)
Blood Clot?

A

Fibrinogen (clotting factor) + blood cells

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11
Q

(Clinical Note - Plasma and Tissue Fluid)
Plasma protein (albumin) maintains?

A

Osmotic Pressure inside blood vessels
(osmotic pressure on blood vessel wall changes according to protein (albumin) concentration inside vessel)

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12
Q

(Clinical Note - Plasma and Tissue Fluid)
Low levels of albumin?

A

Decreases osmotic pressure –> causes fluid to leak out and into surrounding tissue –> swelling (edema)
(transudate = low protein)

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13
Q

(Clinical Note - Plasma and Tissue Fluid)
High levels of albumin?

A

Increases osmotic pressure –> pulls fluid into vessel (to dilute highly concentrated albumin)
(exudate = high protein)

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14
Q

(Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes)
Characteristics?

A

-Nuclei: enucleate (no nucleus)
-Shape: biconcave disc
-Stain: pink (eosin) due to high concentration of hemoglobin
-Circulation: 120 days
-Function: transport O2 + CO2

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15
Q

(Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes)
Types of Hemoglobin (Hb)?

A

-HbA (adults (96% of all hemoglobin))
-HbF (fetus (<1% of all hemoglobin))

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16
Q

(Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes)
Sickle Cell Disease?

A

(HbS)
Single point mutation in Hb gene

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17
Q

(Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes)
Sickle Cell Anemia?

A

Destruction of normal RBC disc shape
(sickle shape of RBCs cause blockages in blood vessels)

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18
Q

(Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes)
Jaundice?

A

Excessive breakdown of RBCs –> yellowing of skin
(Hereditary spherocytosis)
(Hereditary elliptocytosis)

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19
Q

(Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes)
(Jaundice)
Hereditary Spherocytosis?

A

(spherical shape)
Mutation of ankyrin proteins

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20
Q

(Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes)
(Jaundice)
Hereditary Elliptocytosis?

A

(elliptical shape)
Mutation of spectrin proteins

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21
Q

(White Blood Cells - Leukocytes)
WBCs?

A

Leukocytes

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22
Q

(White Blood Cells - Leukocytes)
Divided into 2 categories?

A

-Granulocytes
-Agranulocytes

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23
Q

(White Blood Cells - Leukocytes)
Granulocytes?

A

-Primary (Azurophilic) Granules
-Secondary (Specific) Granules
(neutrophils) (basophils) (eosinophils)

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24
Q

(White Blood Cells - Leukocytes)
Agranulocytes?

A

-Only Primary Azurophilic Granules
(lymphocytes (B or T cells)
(monocytes)

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25
Q

(White Blood Cells - Leukocytes)
Some cells can migrate out of the blood?

A

Into loose CT
(monocytes (blood) and macrophages (tissue))
(basophils (blood) and mast cells (tissue))

26
Q

(White Blood Cells - Leukocytes)
Only Lymphocytes can?

A

Recirculate

27
Q

(White Blood Cells - Neutrophil)
Most abundant leukocyte (WBC)?

A

Neutrophil (PMNs)

28
Q

(White Blood Cells - Neutrophil)
Neutrophils (granulocytes)?

A

-Primary (azurophilic) granules = lysosomes
-Secondary (specific) granules = lysozymes –> inflammation
-Tertiary granules = metalloproteinases (MMPs) –> neutrophil migration

29
Q

(White Blood Cells - Neutrophil)
Characteristics?

A

-Nuclei: multi-lobed
-Shape: large circular cell
-Stain: moderate amount of granules; stains light
Circulation: 6-10 hours
-Function: 1st line of defense against bacteria (innate immunity)

30
Q

(White Blood Cells - Neutrophil)
1st line defense against bacteria?

A

Neutrophils

31
Q

(White Blood Cells - Neutrophil)
Neutrophil Migration?

A

Rolling –> Adhesion –> Migration
(interns (on neutrophils) bind ICAM (on endothelium))
(migrated to site of injury + phagocytize bacteria via degranulation) (cells accumulate with dead bacteria –> generates pus)

32
Q

(White Blood Cells - Neutrophil)
Barr Body?

A

Inactive X Chromosomes

33
Q

(White Blood Cells - Basophil)
Basophils?

A

(granulocytes)
-Primary (azurophilic) granules = lysosomes
-Secondary (specific) granules = histamine + vasoactive reagents

34
Q

(White Blood Cells - Basophil)
Characteristics?

A

-Nuclei: bi-lobed; “S”-shaped
-Shape: large circular cell
-Stain: lots of granules stain dark
-Circulation: N/A
-Function: response to allergic reaction

35
Q

(White Blood Cells - Basophil)
Allergy Response?

A

-Ags bind IgE (on basophil surface)
-Degranulation of secondary (specific) granules with vasoactive reagents
-Results in hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis

36
Q

(White Blood Cells - Basophil)
Mast Cells perform just like?

A

Basophils
-They do same exact things as basophils just in CT
-Mast cells originate from B-cells (lymphocytes) in blood

37
Q

(White Blood Cells - Eosinophil)
Eosinophils?

A

(granulocytes)
-Primary (azurophilic) granules = lysosomes
-Secondary (specific) granules = major basic protein (MBP) + peroxidase

38
Q

(White Blood Cells - Eosinophil)
Characteristics?

A

-Nuclei: bi-lobed
-Shape: large circular cell
-Stain: lots of granules stain orange/pink/red
-Circulation: N/A
-Function: response to parasitic (helminth) infection

39
Q

(White Blood Cells - Eosinophil)
Found in blood or?

A

Loose CT (lamina propria) during:
-Chronic inflammation
-Parasitic (helminth) infection
-Allergic response (due to association with basophils)

40
Q

(White Blood Cells - Monocyte)
Monocytes?

A

(agranulocytes)
Primary (azurophilic) granules = lysosomes

41
Q

(White Blood Cells - Monocyte)
Characteristics?

A

-Nuclei: mono-lobed; “C”-shaped or bean shaped nucleus
-Shape: largest circular cell in a blood smear
-Stain: light due to lack granules
-Circulation: 1-3 days
-Function: innate immune response

42
Q

(White Blood Cells - Monocyte)
Immune Response?

A

-Monocytes migrate to site of injury –> transform into macrophages
-Macrophages (in CT) = APCs –> phagocytize bacteria

43
Q

(White Blood Cells - Lymphocyte)
Lymphocytes?

A

(agranulocytes)
Primary (azurophilic) granules = lysosomes

44
Q

(White Blood Cells - Lymphocyte)
Characteristics?

A

-Nuclei: large circular nucleus takes up entire cell
-Shape: small circular cell (slightly bigger than RBCs)
-Stain: large nucleus stains dark
-Circulation: N/A
-Function: cell-mediated + humoral immune responses

45
Q

(White Blood Cells - Lymphocyte)
T-Cells?

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity
-Th (helper) –> CD4 (MHC-II)
-Tc (cytotoxic) –> CD8 (MHC-I)

46
Q

(White Blood Cells - Lymphocyte)
B-Cells?

A

Humoral Immunity
-Become activated upon Ag binding
-Transform into plasma cells –> produce antibodies

47
Q

(White Blood Cells - Lymphocyte)
Lymphocytes can recirculate after?

A

Leaving blood
(this is the only cell to do that)

48
Q

(White Blood Cells - Lymphocyte)
Only cell to recirculate after leaving blood?

A

Lymphocytes

49
Q

(Platelets (Thrombocytes))
Platelets?

A

Thrombocytes
-Granules = fibrinogen + plasminogen + platelet-derived growth factor

50
Q

(Platelets (Thrombocytes))
Granules?

A

Fibrinogen + plasminogen + platelet-derived growth factor

51
Q

(Platelets (Thrombocytes))
Characteristics?

A

-Nuclei: anucleate (no nucleus)
-Shape: small circular discs (smaller than RBCs)
-Stain: pink (light) due to absence of nucleus
-Circulation: 8-10 days
-Function: blood clotting + tissue repair

52
Q

(Platelets (Thrombocytes))
Divided into 4 zones?

A

-Peripheral zone
-Structural zone
-Organelle zone
-Membrane zone

53
Q

(Platelets (Thrombocytes))
(4 Zones)
Peripheral Zone?

A

Cell Membrane

54
Q

(Platelets (Thrombocytes))
(4 Zones)
Structural Zone?

A

Cytoskeleton (actin, myosin, microtubules)

55
Q

(Platelets (Thrombocytes))
(4 Zones)
Organelle Zone?

A

Granules

56
Q

(Platelets (Thrombocytes))
(4 Zones)
Membrane Zone?

A

2 types of membrane channels

57
Q

(Platelets (Thrombocytes))
Derived from?

A

Megakaryocytes (in bone marrow)

58
Q

(Platelets (Thrombocytes))
Blood Clot Formation?

A

-Serotonin stops blood flow at injury site
-ADP + thromboxane A1 cause platelet aggregation –> primary plug
-Fibrinogen converts to fibrin –> secondary plug –> blood flow returns

59
Q

(Platelets (Thrombocytes))
(Blood Clot Formation)
Primary Plug?

A

ADP + thromboxane A1 cause platelet aggregation

60
Q

(Platelets (Thrombocytes))
(Blood Clot Formation)
Secondary Plug?

A

Fibrinogen converts to fibrin

61
Q

(White Blood Cells - Monocyte)
Immune Response?

A

-Monocytes migrate to site of injury –> transform into macrophages
-Macrophages (in CT) = APCs –> phagocytize bacteria

Block 2: Histology (Alternate) (8 decks)

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