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Block 2: Histology (Alternate) > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Bone Marrow is a?

A

Primary Lymphoid Organ

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2
Q

(Bone Marrow)
B-cells (lymphocytes) produced + mature in?

A

Bone Marrow

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3
Q

(Bone Marrow)
Bone Marrow is the site for?

A

Developing Blood Cells
(where hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) takes place)
(sinusoidal (discontinuous) capillaries allow mature cells into blood circulation)

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4
Q

(Bone Marrow)
Types of Bone Marrow?

A

-Red Marrow
-Yellow Marrow

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5
Q

(Bone Marrow)
Red Marrow?

A

(developing blood cells)
-Stroma
-Hemopoietic cords
-Sinusoidal capillaries

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6
Q

(Bone Marrow)
(Red Marrow)
Stroma?

A

Reticulocytes + fibroblasts (produce fibers)

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7
Q

(Bone Marrow)
(Red Marrow)
Hemopoietic cords?

A

Tissue containing developing blood cells

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8
Q

(Bone Marrow)
(Red Marrow)
Sinusoidal Capillaries?

A

Discontinuous membrane, allows diffusion (capillaries lined with endothelium (simple squamous))

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9
Q

(Bone Marrow)
Yellow Marrow?

A

Fat Cells (adipocytes)
(considered inactive (no hematopoiesis occurs here))

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10
Q

(Bone Marrow)
Newborns (babies)?

A

All red marrow

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11
Q

(Bone Marrow)
Adults?

A

Mostly yellow marrow + some red marrow (red marrow located in spongy bone + ends of long bones (skull, vertebrae, clavicles, sternum, ribs, pelvis))

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12
Q

(Clinical Note - Bone Marrow)
Bone Marrow Aspiration?

A

A needle is inserted directly into hip bone, syringe collects bone marrow, smear onto slide

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13
Q

(Clinical Note - Bone Marrow)
Bone Marrow Biopsy?

A

A biopsy needle uses a corkscrew motion to cut out an intact piece of bone marrow from bone, sample used for cancer screening

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14
Q

(Clinical Note - Bone Marrow)
Aplastic Anemia?

A

(hypo cellular bone marrow)
-Bone marrow mostly adipose tissue (increase in # of adipocytes (fat cells))
-Lack of normal hematopoietic activity (decreases in # of developing blood cells)
-Cause: idiopathic (ex. unknown)
-Treatment: bone marrow transplant

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15
Q

(Clinical Note - Bone Marrow)
Cause of Aplastic Anemia?

A

Idiopathic (ex. unknown)

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16
Q

(Clinical Note - Bone Marrow)
Treatment for Aplastic Anemia?

A

Bone marrow transplant

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17
Q

(Clinical Note - Bone Marrow)
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia?

A

(hypercellular bone marrow)
-Bone marrow mostly myeloblasts (myeloid stem cells) (increase in # of developing blood cells = increase hematopoietic activity)
-Lack of adipose tissue (decrease in # of adipocytes (fat cells))

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18
Q

(Fetal Hematopoiesis)
Hematopoiesis occurs in 3 stages before birth?

A

-Stage 1 (embryonic yolk sac, formation of blood islands (RBCs only))
-Stage 2 (hepatic (liver) all RBCs + some WBCs are being produced)
-Stage 3 (bone marrow all RBCs + WBCs are being produced)

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19
Q

(Adult Hematopoiesis)
Hematopoiesis only occurs in?

A

Red Bone Marrow

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20
Q

(Adult Hematopoiesis)
Myeloid stem cell generates?

A

RBC + WBC + platelet lineage

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21
Q

(Adult Hematopoiesis)
Myeloid Stem Cell?

A

-Located in red bone marrow
-Stimulates erythropoiesis + leukopoiesis + thrombopoiesis

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22
Q

(Adult Hematopoiesis)
(Myeloid Stem Cell)
Proerythroblast?

A

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

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23
Q

(Adult Hematopoiesis)
(Myeloid Stem Cell)
Myeloblast?

A

Leukocytes (WBCs)

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24
Q

(Adult Hematopoiesis)
(Myeloid Stem Cell)
Megakaryoblast?

A

Platelets (thrombocytes)

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25
Q

Stroma refers to?

A

Random Connective Tissue

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26
Q

Thrombopoiesis?

A

Platelet (thrombocyte) formation (required by thrombopoietin)

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27
Q

(Thrombopoiesis)
Step 1?

A

Myeloid stem cell (precursor)

28
Q

(Thrombopoiesis)
Step 2?

A

Megakaryoblast (stimulated by thrombopoietin (cell replicates DNA (polyploidy)))
(cell does NOT divide just grows larger)

29
Q

(Thrombopoiesis)
Step 3?

A

Megakaryocyte
(processes extend from cytoplasm (endothelial wall))
(fragments break off inside endothelium)

30
Q

(Thrombopoiesis)
Step 4?

A

Platelet (thrombocyte)
Small disc circulating in blood

31
Q

(Thrombopoiesis)
Megakaryocytes are?

A

Largest cell in a blood smear and only cell in bone marrow smear

32
Q

(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation)
Erythropoiesis?

A

Formation of RBCs (erythrocytes) takes 7 days
(regulated by erythropoietin)
(cell volume decreases + nucleoli diminish + nucleus disappears)
(basophilic cytoplasm (lots of ribosomes) turn to acidophilic cytoplasm (lots of hemoglobin))

33
Q

(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation)
Step 1?

A

Myeloid stem cell

34
Q

(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation)
Step 2?

A

Proerythroblast
(largest cell)
(1-2 nucleoli within nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm (stains dark purple))

35
Q

(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation)
Step 3?

A

Basophilic Erythroblast
(slightly smaller cell)
(no nucleoli, basophilic cytoplasm is more acidophilic (stains slightly lighter purple))

36
Q

(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation)
Step 4?

A

Polychromatophilic Erythroblast
(slightly smaller cell)
(no nucleoli, basophilic cytoplasm is more acidophilic (stains light purple + pink))

37
Q

(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation)
Step 5?

A

Orthochromatophilic Erythroblast (Normoblast)
(slightly smaller cell (just slightly bigger than mature RBC))
(no nucleoli last stage with nucleus, acidophilic cytoplasm (stains pink))

38
Q

(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation)
Step 6?

A

Reticulocyte (1-2% of total RBC count)
(no nucleus)
(cells leave bone marrow, travel into blood and become mature erythrocyte)

39
Q

(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation)
Step 7?

A

Erythrocyte (mature RBC)

40
Q

(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation)
How many steps?

A

7 steps

41
Q

(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation)
Leukopoiesis?

A

Formation of WBCs
(cell volume decreases + nucleoli diminish + nucleus changes shape + granules appear)
(basophilic cytoplasm (lots of ribosomes))

42
Q

(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation)
How many steps?

A

6 steps

43
Q

(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation)
Step 1?

A

Myeloid stem cell, myeloblast

44
Q

(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation)
Step 2?

A

Promyelocyte
(largest cell)
(primary (azurophilic) granules produced)

45
Q

(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation)
Step 3?

A

Myelocyte
(slightly smaller cell, nucleus flattens (“jelly-bean” shape))
(primary (azurophilic) granules still present + secondary (specific) granules are produced)

46
Q

(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation)
Step 4?

A

Metamyelocyte (ONLY in Neutrophils + Eosinophils)
(slightly smaller cell; nucleus indents (“kidney-bean” shape))
(secondary (specific) granules > primary (azurophilic) granules)

47
Q

(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation)
Step 5?

A

Band Cell (ONLY in Neutrophils)
(slightly smaller cell; nucleus has “U” shape or “horse-shoe” shape)

48
Q

(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation)
Step 6?

A

Mature Granulocyte (= neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil)
(smallest cell)

49
Q

(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation)
(Step 6)
Neutrophil?

A

Multi-lobe nucleus + purple staining granules

50
Q

(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation)
(Step 6)
Eosinophil?

A

Multi-lobe nucleus + pink/orange staining granules

51
Q

(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation)
(Step 6)
Basophil?

A

Single-lobe nucleus + dark purple staining granules

52
Q

(Leukopoiesis - Monocytes)
Monocytes?

A

Agranulocytes (WBC)
(produced in bone marrow)
(contain only primary (azurophilic) granules)
(leave blood and migrate into tissue become macrophages)

53
Q

(Leukopoiesis - Monocytes)
Cell Stages?

A

Myeloid stem cell –> Myeloblast –> Promonocyte (mono blast) –> Monocyte

54
Q

(Leukopoiesis - Lymphocytes)
Lymphocytes?

A

(T-cells and B-cells) Agranulocytes (WBC)
(produced in bone marrow (primary lymphoid organ))
(contain only primary (azurophilic) granules)
(only cell able to re-circulate in blood)

55
Q

(Leukopoiesis - Lymphocytes)
Characteristics?

A

-Thin (basophilic) cytoplasm
-Large nucleus –> takes up entire cell
-T-cells (thymus) or B-cells (bone marrow) –> immune function

56
Q

(Leukopoiesis - Lymphocytes)
B-cells move into tissue?

A

Plasma cells

57
Q

(Thymus)
Thymus?

A

Primary lymphoid organ
(produces T-cells (lymphocytes) migrate into blood + travel to secondary lymphoid organs)

58
Q

(Thymus)
Structure?

A

-Capsule
-Cortex
-Medulla

59
Q

(Thymus)
(Structure)
Capsule?

A

Poorly developed; outermost layer

60
Q

(Thymus)
(Structure)
Cortex?

A

Outer cellular layer, immature T-cells

61
Q

(Thymus)
(Structure)
Medulla?

A

Inner cellular layer, mature T-cells
(contains Hassall’s corpuscles –> site of final stage T-cell education)

62
Q

(Thymus)
Characteristics?

A

-Epithelioreticular cells (aka nurse cells) = responsible for development + maturation T-cells (thymocytes)
-Few fibers (stroma)
-Lack lymphatic nodules , thus no interaction with B-cells

63
Q

(Thymus)
T-cell Education?

A

-Early stage T-cells (in cortex) migrate to medulla for education
-Mature T-cells (in medulla) leave thymus via post-capillary venues –> T-cells enter blood circulation

64
Q

(Thymus)
(Clinical Note)
DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

Lack of epithelioreticular cells –> no T-cell education –> no cell-mediated immunity

65
Q

(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation)
Step 7?

A

Erythrocyte (mature RBC)

Block 2: Histology (Alternate) (8 decks)

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