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Block 2: Histology (Alternate) > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Bone Marrow is a?

A

Primary Lymphoid Organ

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2
Q

(Bone Marrow)
B-cells (lymphocytes) produced + mature in?

A

Bone Marrow

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3
Q

(Bone Marrow)
Bone Marrow is the site for?

A

Developing Blood Cells
(where hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) takes place)
(sinusoidal (discontinuous) capillaries allow mature cells into blood circulation)

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4
Q

(Bone Marrow)
Types of Bone Marrow?

A

-Red Marrow
-Yellow Marrow

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5
Q

(Bone Marrow)
Red Marrow?

A

(developing blood cells)
-Stroma
-Hemopoietic cords
-Sinusoidal capillaries

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6
Q

(Bone Marrow)
(Red Marrow)
Stroma?

A

Reticulocytes + fibroblasts (produce fibers)

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7
Q

(Bone Marrow)
(Red Marrow)
Hemopoietic cords?

A

Tissue containing developing blood cells

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8
Q

(Bone Marrow)
(Red Marrow)
Sinusoidal Capillaries?

A

Discontinuous membrane, allows diffusion (capillaries lined with endothelium (simple squamous))

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9
Q

(Bone Marrow)
Yellow Marrow?

A

Fat Cells (adipocytes)
(considered inactive (no hematopoiesis occurs here))

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10
Q

(Bone Marrow)
Newborns (babies)?

A

All red marrow

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11
Q

(Bone Marrow)
Adults?

A

Mostly yellow marrow + some red marrow (red marrow located in spongy bone + ends of long bones (skull, vertebrae, clavicles, sternum, ribs, pelvis))

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12
Q

(Clinical Note - Bone Marrow)
Bone Marrow Aspiration?

A

A needle is inserted directly into hip bone, syringe collects bone marrow, smear onto slide

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13
Q

(Clinical Note - Bone Marrow)
Bone Marrow Biopsy?

A

A biopsy needle uses a corkscrew motion to cut out an intact piece of bone marrow from bone, sample used for cancer screening

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14
Q

(Clinical Note - Bone Marrow)
Aplastic Anemia?

A

(hypo cellular bone marrow)
-Bone marrow mostly adipose tissue (increase in # of adipocytes (fat cells))
-Lack of normal hematopoietic activity (decreases in # of developing blood cells)
-Cause: idiopathic (ex. unknown)
-Treatment: bone marrow transplant

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15
Q

(Clinical Note - Bone Marrow)
Cause of Aplastic Anemia?

A

Idiopathic (ex. unknown)

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16
Q

(Clinical Note - Bone Marrow)
Treatment for Aplastic Anemia?

A

Bone marrow transplant

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17
Q

(Clinical Note - Bone Marrow)
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia?

A

(hypercellular bone marrow)
-Bone marrow mostly myeloblasts (myeloid stem cells) (increase in # of developing blood cells = increase hematopoietic activity)
-Lack of adipose tissue (decrease in # of adipocytes (fat cells))

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18
Q

(Fetal Hematopoiesis)
Hematopoiesis occurs in 3 stages before birth?

A

-Stage 1 (embryonic yolk sac, formation of blood islands (RBCs only))
-Stage 2 (hepatic (liver) all RBCs + some WBCs are being produced)
-Stage 3 (bone marrow all RBCs + WBCs are being produced)

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19
Q

(Adult Hematopoiesis)
Hematopoiesis only occurs in?

A

Red Bone Marrow

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20
Q

(Adult Hematopoiesis)
Myeloid stem cell generates?

A

RBC + WBC + platelet lineage

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21
Q

(Adult Hematopoiesis)
Myeloid Stem Cell?

A

-Located in red bone marrow
-Stimulates erythropoiesis + leukopoiesis + thrombopoiesis

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22
Q

(Adult Hematopoiesis)
(Myeloid Stem Cell)
Proerythroblast?

A

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

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23
Q

(Adult Hematopoiesis)
(Myeloid Stem Cell)
Myeloblast?

A

Leukocytes (WBCs)

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24
Q

(Adult Hematopoiesis)
(Myeloid Stem Cell)
Megakaryoblast?

A

Platelets (thrombocytes)

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25
Stroma refers to?
Random Connective Tissue
26
Thrombopoiesis?
Platelet (thrombocyte) formation (required by thrombopoietin)
27
(Thrombopoiesis) Step 1?
Myeloid stem cell (precursor)
28
(Thrombopoiesis) Step 2?
Megakaryoblast (stimulated by thrombopoietin (cell replicates DNA (polyploidy))) (cell does NOT divide just grows larger)
29
(Thrombopoiesis) Step 3?
Megakaryocyte (processes extend from cytoplasm (endothelial wall)) (fragments break off inside endothelium)
30
(Thrombopoiesis) Step 4?
Platelet (thrombocyte) Small disc circulating in blood
31
(Thrombopoiesis) Megakaryocytes are?
Largest cell in a blood smear and only cell in bone marrow smear
32
(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation) Erythropoiesis?
Formation of RBCs (erythrocytes) takes 7 days (regulated by erythropoietin) (cell volume decreases + nucleoli diminish + nucleus disappears) (basophilic cytoplasm (lots of ribosomes) turn to acidophilic cytoplasm (lots of hemoglobin))
33
(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation) Step 1?
Myeloid stem cell
34
(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation) Step 2?
Proerythroblast (largest cell) (1-2 nucleoli within nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm (stains dark purple))
35
(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation) Step 3?
Basophilic Erythroblast (slightly smaller cell) (no nucleoli, basophilic cytoplasm is more acidophilic (stains slightly lighter purple))
36
(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation) Step 4?
Polychromatophilic Erythroblast (slightly smaller cell) (no nucleoli, basophilic cytoplasm is more acidophilic (stains light purple + pink))
37
(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation) Step 5?
Orthochromatophilic Erythroblast (Normoblast) (slightly smaller cell (just slightly bigger than mature RBC)) (no nucleoli last stage with nucleus, acidophilic cytoplasm (stains pink))
38
(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation) Step 6?
Reticulocyte (1-2% of total RBC count) (no nucleus) (cells leave bone marrow, travel into blood and become mature erythrocyte)
39
(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation) Step 7?
Erythrocyte (mature RBC)
40
(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation) How many steps?
7 steps
41
(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation) Leukopoiesis?
Formation of WBCs (cell volume decreases + nucleoli diminish + nucleus changes shape + granules appear) (basophilic cytoplasm (lots of ribosomes))
42
(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation) How many steps?
6 steps
43
(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation) Step 1?
Myeloid stem cell, myeloblast
44
(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation) Step 2?
Promyelocyte (largest cell) (primary (azurophilic) granules produced)
45
(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation) Step 3?
Myelocyte (slightly smaller cell, nucleus flattens ("jelly-bean" shape)) (primary (azurophilic) granules still present + secondary (specific) granules are produced)
46
(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation) Step 4?
Metamyelocyte (ONLY in Neutrophils + Eosinophils) (slightly smaller cell; nucleus indents ("kidney-bean" shape)) (secondary (specific) granules > primary (azurophilic) granules)
47
(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation) Step 5?
Band Cell (ONLY in Neutrophils) (slightly smaller cell; nucleus has "U" shape or "horse-shoe" shape)
48
(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation) Step 6?
Mature Granulocyte (= neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil) (smallest cell)
49
(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation) (Step 6) Neutrophil?
Multi-lobe nucleus + purple staining granules
50
(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation) (Step 6) Eosinophil?
Multi-lobe nucleus + pink/orange staining granules
51
(Leukopoiesis - WBC Formation) (Step 6) Basophil?
Single-lobe nucleus + dark purple staining granules
52
(Leukopoiesis - Monocytes) Monocytes?
Agranulocytes (WBC) (produced in bone marrow) (contain only primary (azurophilic) granules) (leave blood and migrate into tissue become macrophages)
53
(Leukopoiesis - Monocytes) Cell Stages?
Myeloid stem cell --> Myeloblast --> Promonocyte (mono blast) --> Monocyte
54
(Leukopoiesis - Lymphocytes) Lymphocytes?
(T-cells and B-cells) Agranulocytes (WBC) (produced in bone marrow (primary lymphoid organ)) (contain only primary (azurophilic) granules) (only cell able to re-circulate in blood)
55
(Leukopoiesis - Lymphocytes) Characteristics?
-Thin (basophilic) cytoplasm -Large nucleus --> takes up entire cell -T-cells (thymus) or B-cells (bone marrow) --> immune function
56
(Leukopoiesis - Lymphocytes) B-cells move into tissue?
Plasma cells
57
(Thymus) Thymus?
Primary lymphoid organ (produces T-cells (lymphocytes) migrate into blood + travel to secondary lymphoid organs)
58
(Thymus) Structure?
-Capsule -Cortex -Medulla
59
(Thymus) (Structure) Capsule?
Poorly developed; outermost layer
60
(Thymus) (Structure) Cortex?
Outer cellular layer, immature T-cells
61
(Thymus) (Structure) Medulla?
Inner cellular layer, mature T-cells (contains Hassall's corpuscles --> site of final stage T-cell education)
62
(Thymus) Characteristics?
-Epithelioreticular cells (aka nurse cells) = responsible for development + maturation T-cells (thymocytes) -Few fibers (stroma) -Lack lymphatic nodules , thus no interaction with B-cells
63
(Thymus) T-cell Education?
-Early stage T-cells (in cortex) migrate to medulla for education -Mature T-cells (in medulla) leave thymus via post-capillary venues --> T-cells enter blood circulation
64
(Thymus) (Clinical Note) DiGeorge Syndrome?
Lack of epithelioreticular cells --> no T-cell education --> no cell-mediated immunity
65
(Erythropoiesis - RBC Formation) Step 7?
Erythrocyte (mature RBC)

Block 2: Histology (Alternate) (8 decks)

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