Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BSI 2 > Lecture 8-10 > Flashcards

Lecture 8-10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is aquired or adaptive immunity?

A

The response of the body via lymphocytes to foreign invading organisms, etc. (Specific response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Molecules that are identified as foreign and produce an immune response are called ________

A

Antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Antigens often posses repeating/reoccurring molecular groups called ______ which are observed in proteins and large polysaccharides.

A

Epitopes (The part of the antigen where the antibody binds to)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are lymphocytes primarily found?

A

Lymphocytes are found primarily in bone marrow, lymph nodes and lymphoid tissues throughout the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lymphocytes (B and T) must go through an essential maturation/programming call “processing”, afterwards nearly all lymphocytes reside in the ___________.

A

Secondary lymphoid organs throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where are T and B lymphocytes processed?

A

T-lymphocytes are processed in the Thymus prior and after birth.
B-lymphocytes are processed in the liver prior to birth and then to bone marrow after birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T or F? T-lymphocyte develops reactivity to multiple antigens.

A

False, T-lymphocyte develops specific reactivity to one antigen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In the thymus, T-lymphocytes are “checked” to ensure that they do not respond to any of the body’s own ____ or “____”.

A

tissues ; “self-antigens”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T or F? More than half of the T-lymphocytes make through the “checking” process.

A

False, t-lymphocytes are exposed to virtually all self-antigens and any that react are destroyed and/or phagocytized, (can be >90% of lymphocytes formed!).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of immunity are T-Lymphocytes? B-Lymphocytes?

A

T-Lymphocytes, cell-mediated immunity (activation of phagocytes, no antibodies)
B-Lymphocytes, humoral immunity (plasma cells secrete antibodies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T or F? The mechanism of activation of B-lymphocytes involves the specific binding of the antigen to surface-expressed molecules called Surface Receptor Proteins.

A

False, B-cells has immunoglobulins

T-cells has surface receptor proteins (aka T-cell markers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T or F? Macrophages and B-cells internalizes antigens after specific recognition by surface-expressed immunoglobulins.

A

False, only B-cells, macrophages phagocytizes antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the similarities and differences between nonspecific inflammation macrophages and specific immune response macrophages?

A

Similarities: Phagocytize particulate matter and microbes.
Secrete antimicrobial chemicals and cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF
Differences: More efficient because antibodies act as opsonins and because the cells are transformed into activated macrophages (“super macrophages”) by IL-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T-lymphocytes only respond when the antigen is bound to special surface molecules called ___ ____ _____, on the external surfaces of APC’s

A

Major Histocompatibility Complexes, (MHC’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 major types of APC (antigen presenting cells)?

A

Macrophages, B-lymphocytes, and Dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complexes, (MHC’s) has 2 general classes, MHC1 and MHC2. Which cells do each present to?

A

MHC1’s present to Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes while MHC2’s present to T-Helper cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Helper T-cells secrete _______ after presentation/activation which enhances the activation of processed B-lymphocytes

A

lymphokines (without this “enhancement” the amount of antibodies secreted by B-lymphocytes would be small and probably insufficient so these cells are crucial in producing an effective response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T or F? Fully activated B-lymphocytes enlarge and become Lymphoblasts → Plasmoblasts → Plasma cells.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which transitional phase of a B-cell does the ER proliferate greatly to increase protein synthesis?

A

Plasmoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where do plasma cells originate and what is its’ function?

A

Some fully activated B-lymphocytes eventually becomes plasma cells. Plasma cells produce lots of specific antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T or F? Some of the activated B-lymphocytes do not become Plasma cells but are retained together with a small number of original processed/programmed B-lymphocytes to become memory cells.

A

True, these again circulate throughout the body to the various lymphoid tissues where they remain dormant until activated again by the same specific antigen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T or F? “Memory cells”, on subsequent exposure to the same antigen can produce a far more rapid and effective response: this is primary response.

A

False, this is secondary response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What types of cytokines do macrophages produce during specific immune response?

A

Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), stimulates proliferation, maturation, and activation of Th, B, and NK lymphocytes: causes inflammation, fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Antibodies are gamma globulins called _____________.

A

Immunoglobulins (Ig) [20% of all plasma proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

T or F? Antigens are composed of combinations of “light” and “heavy” polypeptide chains, all are composed of 2 of each, creating 2 binding sites.

A

False, not all are composed of 2 binding sites (bivalent [IgG]), they could have up to 10 (decavalent[IgM])

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What “portion” of the heavy-light pairing determines the antigenic specificity?

A

“Variable portion., The “constant portion” determines other general properties of the antibody such as opsonization, interactions with the Complement system, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The affinity of an antibody for its specific antigen is described similarly to these other interactions (formula)

A

Affinity (Ka) = [concentration of bound antibody-antigen complex]/[conc. free antibody] x [conc. free antigen]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 5 general classes of antibodies and which one is the most significant?

A

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD and IgE. Most significant is IgG which is bivalent and comprises ~ 75% of all antibodies in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

IgE and IgM are found in much lower concentrations, why are they important?

A

IgE is involved in allergic reactions, while IgM is produced during the primary response and is particularly effective due to possessing 10 binding sites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 2 general mechanisms that antibodies use to destroy/inactivate the antigenic material they specifically bind to?

A

Either directly or via the Complement system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the types of direct interactions of antibodies?

A

Agglutination -bound and clump together
Precipitation-linked molecules too large to become soluble
Neutralization-binding antibodies cover/inactivate toxic sites of invader
Lysis-rupture membranes, however, require “amplifying” effect of the Compliment system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

There are 11 out of ~20 proteins that are significant in the “complement system”, which ones are they?

A

C1 → C9 + “B” and “D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How are C1 activated?

A

Specific antibody-antigen interactions which “reveals” a special site on the constant portion of the antibody that now binds Complement factor C1 and activates it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which activated Complement factor fragments forms the so-called Membrane Attack Complex (MAC or Lytic Complex)?

A

C5b + C6→C9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Activated Complement factor fragment ____ causes chemotaxis of both neutrophils and macrophages, (along with increase phagocytosis), towards the site of the antibody-antigen reactions.

A

C5a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which activated Complement factor fragments activate Mast cells and basophils towards the site of antibody-antigen reactions stimulating the Complement cascade

A

C3a, C4a, C5a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

T or F? Activated T-lymphocytes circulate throughout the body first via the blood and then via the lymph after entering tissues and then back to the blood: they repeat this journey many times over months or even years.

A

True

38
Q

T or F? Only B-lymphocytes can form “memory” cells.

A

False, T-lymphocytes can as well

39
Q

What are the 4 major types of T-lymphocytes?

A

Helper,” “Cytotoxic,” “Suppressor,” and the “Natural Killer” cells, (NK).

40
Q

Which T-cells are responsible for regulating virtually all immune functions?

A

Helpter T-cells (most abundant, ~75%)

41
Q

What types of lymphokines are released by the helper t-cells?

A

Interleukins 2 → 6, Granulocyte-monocyte Colony-stimulating factor and Interferon-gamma.

42
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, (AIDS), the virus destroys principally the ______.

A

Helper cells

43
Q

What is significantly reduced especially in the absence of Interleukins 4, 5 and 6?

A

Antibody production

44
Q

What are specific functions of Help t-cells?

A

Include effective activation of both Suppressor and Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (via IL-2) and the stimulation of B-lymphocyte growth and differentiation into antibody-secreting Plasma cells

45
Q

T or F? Lymphokines also help prevent migration of macrophages previously attracted by chemotaxis away from the invaded tissue and increase their effectiveness at phagocytosis.

A

True

46
Q

Which interleukin produces a +feedback loop by stimulating Helper cells themselves to increase immune response overall.

A

Interleukin 2

47
Q

Which cells can ↓function/effectiveness of both Cytotoxic and Helper T-lymphocytes?

A

Suppressor cells, they can help suppress autoimmune responses. (Together with Helper cells they are classified as regulatory T-cells)

48
Q

How do cytotoxic t-cells kill invading microorganisms?

A
  1. They kill their specific targets by punching a hole through their membranes, (= channel), via proteins called Perforins
  2. They also release cytotoxic substances directly into their targets: this process can be repeated many times by these cells.
49
Q

What are 3 ways self antigens can become tumor antigens?

A
  1. Mutation
  2. Overexpression
  3. Post-translated modification
50
Q

What are the main targets of Natural Killer (NK) cells?

A

virus-infected and cancerous cells

51
Q

T or F? Natural Killer (NK) cells utilizes perforin to kill cells.

A

False, they use cell-killing chemicals

52
Q

NK’s are not antigen specific, why are they included in both the acquired/adaptive immunity and innate immunity?

A

Because their participation is enhanced either by certain antibodies or cytokines secreted by Helper T-lymphocytes which are triggered by specific antigens.

53
Q

What are increased/decreased during a general response to infection?

A 
↑WBC production
↑plasma fatty acids, (fuel)
↑amino acids, (repair)
↑acute phase proteins, (inflammation and tissue repair)
↑cortisol, (the "stress" hormone)
↑ fever
decrease food intake and appetite.
54
Q

During infection, what is the purpose of a fever?

A

Appears to enhance immune responses.

55
Q

What is Tolerance?

A

Failure to mount an immune response to self-antigens. (loss of tolerance will trigger autoimmune response)

56
Q

How does immunization work?

A

It eliminates the primary response delay and goes directly to secondary response.

57
Q

What ways are used to create immunization?

A

Injecting dead organisms no long pathogenic but still have antigenic properties
Chemically-neutralized toxins which still have antigenic properties.
Using a live attenuated (weakened) organism that has been sufficiently mutated, no longer pathogenic but has antigenic properties.

58
Q

What is passive immunization/immunity?

A

injection of specific antibodies produced from another source or specifically activated T-lymphocytes or both.

59
Q

What are some ways people express servere allergic response or some other form of hypersensitivity?

A
  1. Caused by T-cells due to repeated exposures.

2. An allergic tendency (inherited) characterized by excessive IgE antibody levels in the blood.

60
Q

What causes an alleric response?

A

When an “allergen,” (a specific antigen that reacts with IgE antibodies), enters the body, it induces an “allergen-reagin” reaction which causes the allergic response.

61
Q

IgE antibodies often attach themselves to _________ and _______ causing them to rupture.

A

Mast cells ; basophils

62
Q

Allergic responses rupture certain cells that release various substances. What are they?

A

histamine, proteases, Slow-reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis, Eosinophil Chemotactic Substance, Neutrophil Chemotactic Substance, heparin and platelet activating factors. (These cause inflammation)

63
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

An extreme response triggered in tissues immediately surrounding small blood vessels due to Mast cells and eosinophils that rapidly spreads throughout the circulation and associated tissues. (need to use epi-pen [adrenalin])

64
Q

T or F? Slow-reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis can cause muscle spasms in the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchioles eliciting an asthma-like attack which has the potential to kill by suffocation.

A

True

65
Q

What is urticaria?

A

Hives triggered by allergens entering certain skin areas and the subsequent release of histamine causing swelling and a red “flare”.

66
Q

What is hay fever?

A

Allergen-reagin reaction occurs in the nasal passages with released histamine, sneezing as the body tries to eject the causative agent.

67
Q

What is asthma?

A

Allergen-reagin reaction occurring in the bronchioles but is less severe than anaphylaxis.

68
Q

Which leukocytes are involved in the innate immune response?

A

All granulocytes and mono/macrophages. NK cells as well.

69
Q

Which leukocyte is found in the greatest number in the blood stream?

A

Neutrophils

70
Q

What type of messenger stimulates leukocyte production in the bone marrow?

A

Colony stimulating factors (GM-CSF, G-CSF, or M-CSF)

71
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Enhanced phagocytosis

72
Q

Does binding complement factor C3b activate the complement cascade?

A

No

73
Q

*T or F? The “alternate” Complement pathway facilitates the perforation of bacterial cell membranes by Perforins?

A

False. (ALL complement pathways lead to the MAC; cytotoxic cells utilize perforins)

74
Q

*The most “important” cell in the acquired/adaptive response is the _______?

A

the Helper of course! (but don’t forget the regulatory suppressors)

75
Q

*MHC II proteins are expressed by?

A

APCs

76
Q

*MHC II protein receptors are found on?

A

Helper T-cell

77
Q

*MHC proteins/receptors are not required to directly activate?

A

NK cells

78
Q

 Which leukocytes are involved in the innate immune response?

A

all granulocytes and mono/macrophages.

79
Q

Which leukocyte is found in the greatest number in the blood stream?

A

neutrophils.

80
Q

What type of messenger stimulates leukocyte production in the bone marrow?

A

colony stimulating factors.

81
Q

What is opsonization?

A

enhanced phagocytosis.

82
Q

Does binding complement factor C3b activate the complement cascade?

A

no.

83
Q

Macrophages can release?

A

lipases (for thickened bacterial membranes), bactericidal enzymes and oxidizing agents (ROS’s).

84
Q

What ligand/s are involved in margination and diapedesis?

A

: Integrin, selectin and chemokine.

85
Q

A chemokine is what kind of messenger?

A

a chemotactic agent (it’s the balloons!).

86
Q

High or low affinity- what????

A

without the chemokine there is no change to high-affinity for the integrin receptor and no escape from the river!

87
Q

Which group of proteins generally inhibit viral replication?

A

interferons.

88
Q

Where are lymphocytes processed to avoid self-recognition/autoimmune responses?

A

ALL produced in the bone marrow (BM); T-cells move to the Thymus for processing whereas B-cells remain in the BM after birth BUT are processed in the liver while still a fetus

89
Q

In Leukemia the more undifferentiated the leukocytes the more function they have? (T/F)

A

F

90
Q

Leukopenia is often caused by exposure to gamma or X-rays?

T/F

A

T.

91
Q

Repeating/reoccurring antigenic molecular groups called epitopes are observed only in proteins? (T/F)

A

F

92
Q

After processing lymphocytes are primarily found in?

A

lymphoid tissue such as lymph nodes.

BSI 2 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions