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BSI 2 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

The general systemic effects of infection is/are mediated by what acting humorally?

A

IL-1, 2 and 6 plus TNF.

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2
Q

 Responses to infection include?

A

plasma FA’s, AA’s, WBC’s, cortisol, acute phase proteins and fever while food intake and appetite.

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3
Q

What do “activated” Helpers release to “turbocharge” macrophages and NK’s?

A

IL-2 and Interferon-gamma.

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4
Q

Allergy and hypersensitivity is associated with which type of antibody?

A

IgE

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5
Q

 Immunization can be induced by injecting?

A

dead organisms no longer pathogenic but still antigenic, a live but “attenuated” organism that is no longer pathogenic but still antigenic and chemically-neutralized toxins which are still antigenic.

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6
Q

All lymphocytes are “programmed” to respond to one potential antigen only by “________” either in the bone marrow (B-lymphocytes) or in the thymus (T-lymphocytes

A

gene shuffling

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7
Q

After “programming” lymphocytes migrate to lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes primarily) where they wait to be activated by their ________ _________.

A

specific antigen

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8
Q

T or F? Helpers must be activated by an APC using the “double handshake”

A

True

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9
Q

T or F? APC’s include macrophages that phagocytize invading organisms, digest them and link them to MHC I proteins necessary to present and therefore activate Helpers: Dendritic cells also perform this function similarly

A

False, MHC II not MHC I

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10
Q

T or F? Macrophages and B-lymphocytes kill by phagocytosis.

A

False, B-lymphocytes only internalize via receptor-mediated endocytosis of surface-expressed immunoglobulins (Ig’s) binding their specific antigen

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11
Q

How are helper cells activated?

A

by their specific antigen presented using MHC II protein plus nonantigenic matching

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12
Q

T or F? Helper cells participate directly in antibody production and direct killing.

A

False, indirectly

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13
Q

_____________ T-lymphocytes can inhibit both Cytotoxic and Helper lymphocytes.and are activated by Helper secretions.

A

Suppressor

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14
Q

T or F? B-lymphocytes are “programmed” to respond to one specific antigen which fully activates them in lymphoid tissues by binding to a specific surface-expressed immunoglobulin.

A

False, partially

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15
Q

How are B-lymphocytes fully activated?

A

Full activation is only achieved if a specific Helper is also activated by the same antigen (by APC’s) and the appropriate cytokines secreted

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16
Q

Fully activated B-lymphocytes multiply and differentiate into ____ _____.

A

Plasma cells, which secrete the “free” circulating form of the immunoglobulin expressed on the original B-lymphocyte which then bind to the specific antigen (programming in bone marrow).

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17
Q

B-lymphocytes attack their targets via specific antibodies which have direct actions including:

A
  1. Agglutination and precipitation (antibodies have >2 binding sites* for same specific antigen)
  2. Neutralization.
  3. Lysis (“strain” on cell membrane due to multiple binding*).
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18
Q

Specific antibody binding recruits several potent additional mechanisms mediated via the “classic” Complement system including:

A
  1. opsonization (via factor C3b: but now specific as directed by a specific AB.)
  2. lysis via the MAC.
  3. agglutination after activated Complement factors alter invader’s external surface.
  4. neutralization of viruses.
  5. chemotaxis of neutrophils and macrophages enhancing innate responses (phagocytosis) but also lymphocyte
  6. activation as macrophages are APC’s.
  7. activation and chemotaxis of Mast cells and basophils, etc. giving an increased inflammation response.
  8. recruitment of NK cells
19
Q

T or F? Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes seem to be primarily involved in destroying our own virus-infected or cancerous cells.

A

True

20
Q

Viral protein or mutated protein must be presented via MHC I protein which all _____ cells possess; so infected/cancerous cells in effect “present themselves.

A

nucleated

21
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells kill directly by punching holes in membranes (so similar to the MAC) via secreted ______ and secretion of ____ ______.

A

Perforins; cytotoxic chemicals

22
Q

________ kill directly via cytotoxic chemicals and often act against our own virus-infected or cancerous cells.

A

NK Cells

23
Q

T or F? NK utilizes the MHC I protein

A

False, they do not use any MHC proteins

24
Q

How are NK cells fully activated?

A

They are fully activated by interleukin-2 from activated Helpers which also secrete interferon-gamma which stimulates their production of cytotoxic chemicals.

25
Q

T or F? Interferon-gamma non-specifically inhibits viral replication.

A

False, “normal” interferon non-specifically inhibits viral replication. Interferon-gamma activates NK cells

26
Q

When any of these lymphocytes (Helper, B, Cytotoxic, NK) is fully activated they start to divide but some of these cells are retained in case the antigen is encountered again: these are _______ cells

A

“Memory”

27
Q

What is the basis of immunization?

A

When the antigen is encountered again there are now far more of these specific cells or more correctly clones (still specific for the same original unique antigen) available to respond: this is the 2o response which is much greater and faster than during the initial exposure

28
Q

T or F? Invader/pathogen/etc. only possess 1 antigen.

A

False, in reality, a phagocytized bacterium (by a macrophage prior to presentation) when partially digested could yield many potential antigenic substances so potentially activating many programmed lymphocytes.

29
Q

*The general systemic effects of infection is/are mediated by what acting humorally?

A

IL-1, 2 and 6 plus TNF

30
Q

*Responses to infection include?

A

Increase in plasma FA’s, AA’s, WBC’s, cortisol, acute phase proteins and fever while decrease food intake and appetite.

31
Q

*What do “activated” Helpers release to “turbocharge” macrophages and NK’s?

A

IL-2 and Interferon-gamma

32
Q

*Allergy and hypersensitivity are associated with which type of antibody?

A

IgE

33
Q

*Immunization can be induced by injecting?

A
  1. Dead organisms no longer pathogenic but still antigenic
  2. A live but “attenuated” organism that is no longer pathogenic but still antigenic,
  3. Chemically-neutralized toxins which are still antigenic.
34
Q

*Where are lymphocytes processed to avoid self-recognition/autoimmune responses?

A

ALL produced in the bone marrow (BM); T-cells move to the Thymus for processing whereas B-cells remain in the BM after birth BUT are processed in the liver while still a fetus.

35
Q

*T or F? In Leukemia the more undifferentiated the leukocytes the more function they have?

A

False, opposite is true.

36
Q

*Leukopenia is often caused by exposure to gamma or X-rays?

A

True

37
Q

*T or F? Repeating/reoccurring antigenic molecular groups called epitopes are observed only in proteins?

A

False, carbohydrates also.

38
Q

*After processing lymphocytes are primarily found in?

A

Lymphoid tissue such as lymph nodes.

39
Q

*Macrophages can release?

A

Lipases (for thickened bacterial membranes), bactericidal enzymes and oxidizing agents (ROS’s).

40
Q

*What ligand/s are involved in margination and diapedesis?

A

Integrin, selectin, and chemokine

41
Q

*A chemokine is what kind of messenger?

A

A chemotactic agent (it’s the balloons!)

42
Q

*What effect does chemokine have on high or low affinity?

A

Without the chemokine there is no change to high-affinity for the integrin receptor and no escape from the river.

43
Q

*Which group of proteins generally inhibit viral replication?

A

interferons

BSI 2 (22 decks)

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