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BSI 2 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the approximate total body fluid volume and roughly how many liters are they divided into?

A

42 Liters Total

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2
Q

Plasma is contained in which system?

A

Cardiovascular (but exchanges freely with the ECF)

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3
Q

Osmotic pressure from proteins is called ____________ pressure.

A

Oncotic

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4
Q

What is the most common plasma protein and what is its function?

A

Albumin (~5g/dL), responsible for 80% of plasma’s oncotic pressure, preventing excess fluid loss from circulation)

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5
Q

Where are plasma proteins primary synthesized?

A

Liver

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6
Q

What are secreted by plasma cells?

A

Gamma gobulins (circulating antibodies)

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7
Q

T or F? Proteins are not limited to the “compartment” that they are formed in.

A

False, they are somewhat limited to the “compartments (intracellular, extracellular, blood) they are formed in.

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8
Q

Steroid hormones binds to plasma proteins to help prevent inappropriate ________ and/or ______

A

metabolism / excretion

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9
Q

Plasma albumen binds mainly to ______ drugs. (2 drug molecule per albumen molecule)

A

acidic

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10
Q

Basic(base) drugs can bind to _______ and acid _______ that are also found in plasma.

A

beta-globulin / glycoprotein

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11
Q

T or F? Significant “free” drugs can increase drug interactions.

A

True

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12
Q

What are the general functions of plasma?

A
  1. Transport of nutrients for energy
  2. Growth and repair
  3. Removal of wastes
  4. Transport of hormones
  5. Regulation of body temperature
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13
Q

What are the cellular components of blood?

A
  1. Red blood cell (RBC)
  2. White blood cell (WBC)
  3. Platelets
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14
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The ratio of combined RBC, WBC, and platelets cell volume over the total blood volume. (~40% in males, ~36% in females)

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15
Q

T or F? Hemoglobin (Hb) is a heterotrimeric protein.

A

False, heterotetramic. ( 4 subunits composed of 2 different pairs)

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16
Q

What is unique about the shape of RBC’s?

A

Biconcave discs and are very flexible due to large excess plasma membrane (vital to squeeze through small capillaries)

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17
Q

How does RBC’s divide?

A

It doesn’t. RBC’s has no nucleus, mitochondria or endoplasmc reticulum.

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18
Q

How does RBC produce ATP?

A

Glycolysis

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19
Q

T or F? In a 30 year old, RBC’s are produced primarily in the long bone marrow.

A

False, from 8 months to 5 years, RBC are made primarily in the long bone and slowly becomes fatty and stop production by ~20 yo, RBC production is restricted to membranous bones (vertebrae, sternum, ribs, etc)

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20
Q

All blood cells originate from _____ ______ stem cells.

A

pluripotent hematopoietic

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21
Q

What is the colony-forming unit-erythrocyte (CFU-E) stage?

A

Once a cell is committed by differentiation to becoming a RBC, they cannot become any other cell.

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22
Q

What controls RBC growth and production?

A

“growth inducers”. For example interleukin-3 promotes growth and reproduction of virtually all types of committed cells, others are type specific.

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23
Q

How are differentiation induced?

A

by “differentiation inducers” which are controlled by factors outside the bone marrow

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24
Q

What are stages of RBC development?

A
  1. Proerythroblast
  2. Basophil erythroblast
  3. Polychromatophil erythroblast
  4. Orthochromatic erythroblast
  5. Reticulocyte
  6. Erythrocytes
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25
Q

How does reticulocytes leave the bone marrow?

A

Diapedesis (enters capillaries by squeezing between endothelial cells)

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26
Q

Any condition that decrease O2 delivery to tissues and increase RBC production is called __________

A

Hypoxia

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27
Q

Destruction of bone marrow causes _____ of the remaining tissue to compensate

A

hyperplasia

28
Q

T or F? If cardiac output decreases, RBC production is stimulated.

A

True

29
Q

What is the major substance causing the increase in RBC production?

A

glycoprotein erythopoietin (EPO)

30
Q

What are the site of erythropoietin production?

A

90% kidneys, 10% liver

31
Q

Erythropoietin stimulates the production of ______ and increase the rate of maturation process.

A

proerythroblasts, It typically takes ~5 days for new mature RBC’s to appear, production can increase up to 10x

32
Q

What is the RBC’s typical 1/2 life?

A

~100-120 days

33
Q

What are a few nutrients needed for RBC

A

Fe2+, B vitamins, and folic acid

34
Q

What are the steps in the synthesis of Hb?

A
  1. 2 succinyl coa + 2 glycine–> pyrrole
  2. 4 pyrrole–> protoprophyrin lX
  3. protoporphyrin lX + Fe++ –> heme
  4. heme+polypeptide–> hemoglobin chain (alpha or beta)
  5. 2 alpha chains + 3 beta chains–> hemoglobin A
35
Q

How many types of globin variants are there?

A

4; alpha, beta, delta, gamma

36
Q

What is the most common adult version of Hb?

A

Hb that contains 2 alpha’s and 2 beta’s

37
Q

T or F? HIgher O2 concentration will cause more O2 to bind to Fe2+

A

true

38
Q

Fe2+ is important not only for transporting O2 but many other crucial proteins/enzymes such as __________________

A

cytochromes

39
Q

The total body Fe is ~4-5gm, 65% of this is found where?

A

65% Bound to Hb
4% in muscle myoglobin
1% in heme-containing proteins
0.1% found in plasma bound to transferrin
30% stored in the liver bound to Ferritin

40
Q

What is the function of transferrin?

A

It transfers the Fe from the GI tract to the receptors on the developing enrythrocyte membranes., once endocytosed it enters the mitochondria where heme is synthesized. Also transport carries Fe to the liver to be stored as Ferritin

41
Q

Lack of transferrin can cause _____ anemia where RBC contain decreased amound of Hb than normal.

A

hypochromic

42
Q

Where does RBC usually rupture/self-destruct?

A

In the spleen as the squeeze through the “red pulp” reticular mesh

43
Q

The released Hb is phagocytized by the macrophages of the _______,, _______, and _____ cells

A

spleen, bone marrow, kupffer

44
Q

When RBC’s are recycled, what happens to the Fe?

A

It is released back in to the blood bound to transferrin

45
Q

What is necessary component in bile for fat digestion?

A

Bilirubin (converted from recycled porphyrin from Hb in macrophages)

46
Q

T or F? Anemia is a deficiency of Hb/decrease O2 carrying capability of blood due to decrease number of RBC or decrease amount Hb in each RBC

A

True

47
Q

T or F? Anemia due to blood loss may require 3-6 days for full recovery of RBC’s.

A

False, weeks not days. (plasma loss could be replaced in 1-3 days)

48
Q

Lack of functioning bone marrow caused by x-rays and other forms of radiation etc is called ______

A

aplastic anemia

49
Q

Anemia due to lack of absorption of B12 in the GI tract is called ______________

A

pernicious anemia

50
Q

Anemia due to lack of absorption of B12 and folic acid in the GI tract is called __________

A

sprue

51
Q

T or F? Hemolytic anemia is an inherited condition that results in fragile RBC’s that can easily burst, resulting in a shorter halflife.

A

True

52
Q

Sickle cell anemia is due to a single _____ _____ change in a specific position in the globin polypeptide chain of Hb.

A

amino acid. (under low pO2 conditions, these Hb would crystalize which could rupture RBC membrane and make access to smallest capillaries difficult)

53
Q

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

When Rh- mother has a baby with Rh+, where the mothers antibodies attack the babies RBC’s resulting in a baby with severe anemia.

54
Q

What is the condition called when too many RBC’s are produced caused by a mutation which allows uncontrolled division of cells like a cancer and making blood difficult to pump?

A

Polycythemia vera

55
Q

What are the principal functions of blood?

A

O2 and CO2 transport, nutrient and waste transport, hormone distribution, temperature regulation.

56
Q

Are RBC’s nucleated in embryo?

A

Yes, primitive nucleated RBC’s are produced in the yolk sac.

57
Q

What properties allows the red blood cells to pass through the smallest capillaries?

A

Deform-able, due to a large excess of plasma membrane.

58
Q

Where are RBC’s made in an adult?

A

Restricted to membranous bones such as the vertabrae sternum, ribs, etc.

59
Q
  1. What are/is the main function of red blood cells? (RBCs).
A

O2 and CO2 transport (different mechanisms!).

60
Q
  1. When a blood vessel is ruptured is a blood clot is always required to stop the bleeding? (hemostasis).
A

no, for the majority/small leaks a platelet plug is sufficient.

61
Q
  1. Why is it vital that bleeding be stopped extremely quickly?
A

because we have a high pressure enclosed circulation which is capable of pumping out all our blood in a very short time.

62
Q
  1. What overall type of mechanism is clotting?
A

a positive feedback mechanism that gets appropriately faster and faster the bigger the leak is.

63
Q
  1. And (Q4) that requires?
A

a separate mechanism to limit the clotting to just the leak (primarily thrombin is absorbed by the fibrin and inactivated).

64
Q

The principal functions of blood include?

A

; O2/CO2 transport, nutrient and waste transport, hormone distribution and temperature regulation.

65
Q

Are RBC’s nucleated in embryo?

A

yes!

66
Q

What property allows red blood cells to pass through the smallest capillaries?

A

an excess of deformable membrane.

67
Q

Where are RBC’s made in the adult?

A

in the membranous bones (ribs, vertebrae, etc.).

BSI 2 (22 decks)

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