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BSI 2 > Lecture 22-23 > Flashcards

Lecture 22-23 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some things the that can be determined by reading the EKG?

A

Rate, Rhythm, Hypertrophy, Infarction.

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2
Q

How do you determine HR from and EKG?

A
  1. Find R wave that falls on a heavy black line.
  2. Count off 300, 150, 100, 75, 60, 50 for each consecutive heavy line
  3. Where the next R wave falls determines the rate
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3
Q

What is normal, bradycardia, tachycardia sinus rhythm rates?

A

Normal 60-100 beats/min
Bradycardia is < than 60 beats/min
Tachycardia is > than 100 beats/min

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4
Q

What causes a premature beat?

A

Ectopic focus discharging spontaneously producing a beat which appears earlier than expected in the rhythm.

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5
Q

Originates suddenly in an atrial ectopic focus and produces an abnormal P wave earlier than expected describes ____ ____ _____.

A

Premature Atrial contraction (PAC)

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6
Q

Originates suddenly in an ectopic focus in a ventricle producing a giant ventricular complex describes _____ _____ _____

A

Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC)

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7
Q

Why is the QRS complex wider than normal in a PVC?

A

Depolarization originates in the myocardium (instead of conduction system) and therefore depolarization impulse conducted very slowly across both ventricles.

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8
Q

Why is QRS taller/deeper than normal in a PVC?

A

PVC originates in one ventricle which depolarizes before the other and there is no simultaneous opposing depolarization from opposite sides. Therefore, QRS is very large.

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9
Q

What are the rapid ectopic rhythms?

A

Flutter and Fibrillation

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of atrial flutter?

A
  1. Atrial flutter originates in an atrial ectopic focus
  2. P waves occur in rapid succession and each is identical to the next
  3. P waves look identical because they arise from the same ectopic focus
  4. Only occasionally will the atrial stimulus penetrate the AV node and produce a QRS complex
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of ventricular flutter?

A
  1. Ventricular flutter is produced by a single ventricular ectopic focus firing at an extremely rapid rate
  2. Forms a smooth sine wave
  3. No P waves or T waves
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12
Q

What is the characteristic of atrial fibrillation?

A
  1. Caused by many atrial ectopic foci firing at rapid rates causing an exceedingly rapid, erratic atrial rhythm
  2. No true P wave—just spikes appear
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13
Q

T or F? You can live with atrial fibrillation.

A

True, it won’t directly kill you, however, major concern is development of blood clots due to POOLING OF BLOOD.

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14
Q

What is the characteristic of ventricular fibrillation?

A
  1. Caused by rapid-rate discharges from many ventricular ectopic foci producing erratic, rapid twitching of the ventricles
  2. Because so many foci are firing at once, each only depolarized a small area of ventricle and produces “twitching” of ventricle instead of full contraction of ventricle
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15
Q

T or F? Ventricular fibrillation cannot kill you.

A

False, No effective pumping—will directly kill you!

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16
Q

____ _____ are electrical blocks which retard or prevent the passage of electrical (depolarization) stimuli.

A

Heart blocks

17
Q

The SA node stops its pacing activity for at least one cycle is characteristic of a ______ _______

A

Sinus Block. Also, the P waves are identical because the same SA node pacemaker is functioning before and after the pause (missed cycle)

18
Q

What is an AV block?

A

Delay in transmission of the impulse through the AV node

19
Q

What are characteristics of a 1st degree AV block?

A

1° AV Block- Results in longer pause before stimulating the ventricles; P-R interval prolonged (>0.20 seconds)

20
Q

What are characteristics of a 2nd degree AV block?

A

2° AV Block- progressive P-R prolongation until QRS is dropped.

21
Q

What are characteristics of a 3rd degree AV block?

A

3° AV Block (complete block)- Complete dissociation of atria and ventricles.

22
Q

How is a bundle branch block caused?

A

Caused by block of depolarization in the right or in the left bundle branch

23
Q

ischemia

A

Inverted T-wave

24
Q

What are the general characteristic of ischemia/infarct on an ECG?

A

Inverted symmetrical T waves
Elevated or depressed S-T Segments
Presence of significant Q waves makes the diagnosis of infarct

25
Q

What causes an T-wave inversion?

A
  1. Prolonged depolarization of ventricles during ischemia changes pattern of repolarization
  2. Ventricles repolarize in opposite direction to normal repolarization
26
Q

Ischemia/infarct: Elevated or depressed S-T segments is a sign of _____ injury.

A

acute. Can return to baseline with time.

27
Q

The presence of significant Q waves makes the diagnosis of ________.

A

Infarct. (Q-wave increases over time) Significant is considered > 1mm deep.

BSI 2 (22 decks)

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