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intro to neuroscience > Lecture 7 vocab > Flashcards

Lecture 7 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

What is the molecular level of how we smell and taste called?

A

Identifying the odor and taste cues-characterize the neurons that relay the signal and the relevant genes/molecules

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2
Q

What is the goal of immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry(IHC)?

A

To visualize specific proteins in tissues

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3
Q

What approach is taken with immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry(IHC)?

A

With specific antibodies and stains/dye

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4
Q

What steps are taken with immunofluorescence?

A

Add primary antibody, add secondary antibody conjugated to fluorophore, then shine UV light, and visualize using fluorescence

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5
Q

What steps are taken with immunohistochemistry(IHC)?

A

Add primary antibody, add secondary antibody conjugated to HRP, add chromogen, HRP catalyzes reaction to produce colored precipitate, colored precipitate accumulates around location of antigen, visualize using brightfield microscopy

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6
Q

What does IHC identify?

A

Different subsets of taste receptor cells, it stains for taste receptor proteins in a taste bud

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7
Q

What does IHC use antibodies against?

A

ENaC and TrpM5

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8
Q

In the expression analysis, what’s the goal of immunofluorescence and IHC?

A

To use sequencing to quantify gene expression(typically at RNA transcript level)

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9
Q

In the expression analysis, what is the approach taken with immunofluorescence and IHC?

A

Transcriptomics(measure all transcripts)

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10
Q

What are examples of transcriptomics?

A

Microarray and RNAseq

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11
Q

What does RNAseq do?

A

Counts mRNA transcripts to quantify gene expression

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12
Q

What does RNAseq analysis do?

A

It reveals classes of taste receptor cells expressing different genes at different levels

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13
Q

What does the cellular level do?

A

It identifies the neurons that relay the signal

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14
Q

What do channel blocking toxins help do?

A

They help characterize neuron types

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15
Q

What is APV?

A

It blocks glutamate receptors(NMDA type specifically) and provides info about neurotransmitters used by cells of interest

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16
Q

What is curare?

A

It blocks acetylcholine receptors(nAChR type specifically) and provides info about neurotransmitters used by cells of interest

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17
Q

Which neurons relay the channel blocking toxin signals?

A

Calcium imaging

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18
Q

What is GCaMP?

A

Its a calcium indicator

19
Q

What does calcium imaging reveal?

A

It reveals properties of taste responsive cells in brain

20
Q

What is an alternative to calcium imaging?

A

Voltage sensitive dyes

21
Q

What is voltage sensitive dye?

A

Fluorescence of dye changes to reflect changes in membrane potential directly

22
Q

Who pioneered the electrophysiology experiment that recorded the intracellular squid giant axon?

A

Hodgkin and Huxley

23
Q

What is the purpose of current-clamp electrophysiology?

A

To learn about the type of neurons and its ion channel

24
Q

What is the procedure to preforming a current-clamp electrophysiology?

A

Apply/inject a known current(to mimic the current that would be produced if the cell received input(s) from other neurons) and then measure resulting change in membrane potential

25
Q

What do different types of neurons have when it comes to spiking patterns?

A

Different spiking patterns

26
Q

What is electrophysiology: patch clamp?

A

For small cells. it is when you patch onto the outside of the cell rather than piercing cell, it enables recording from single channel(hypothetically)

27
Q

What’s the goal with the circuit level?

A

To understand how signals and cells interact

28
Q

What does optogenetics allow?

A

It allows selective activation of neurons(with light)

29
Q

What is channelrhodospsin-2? What is it used for?

A

It is a light gated cation channel and its used in optogenetics

30
Q

What initiates an AP in optogentics?

A

Blue light pulses

31
Q

What can optogenetics help?

A

It can help identify neural circuits

32
Q

What does blue light case in optogenetics?

A

It causes neurons expressing channelrhodopsin2 to spike

33
Q

In what region of the brain does blue light activate neurons to express channel rhodopsin?

A

In the SFO brain region

34
Q

What are the 3 considerations you have to make in imaging techniques?

A

Temporal resolution, spatial resolution, and invasivness

35
Q

What are the 2 classes of human imaging &
activity monitoring approaches?

A

Neural activity that leads to changes in blood flow being measured
by functional imaging(ex. fMRI) and neural activity generating electrical signals measured by
electrophysiological techniques(ex.EEG)

36
Q

What is fMRI?

A

It stands for functional magnetic resonance imaging and it measures blood oxygenation(BLOD:Blood oxygen level dependent contrast)

37
Q

What imaging technique has poor temporal resolution(6-8sec) and relatively good spatial resolution?

A

fMRI

38
Q

What is fMRI helpful for?

A

It helps us better understand how the healthy brain works and to investigate disruptions in disease states

39
Q

What does the fMRI do?

A

It compares relative differences in brain activity between
two or more conditions, ie. rest vs. performing a task in
the scanner

40
Q

What does electroencephalogram(EEG) do?

A

It records neural activity at the scalp

41
Q

What imaging techniques has has good temporal resolution, has poor spatial resolution due to space distorted by scalp, and is non invasive?

A

EEG

42
Q

What does the average EEG signal provide?

A

Event-related potential(ERP)

43
Q

What is ERP?

A

It can be measures of reaction time or response to a stimulus

44
Q

What is GWAS(genome-wide association study)

A

It is an observational study of a genome-wide set
of genetic variants in different individuals to
see if any variant is associated with a trait

intro to neuroscience (10 decks)

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