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intro to neuroscience > Lecture 5 vocab > Flashcards

Lecture 5 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

What is a synapse?

A

It is the site of communication between neurons; can be electrical or chemical

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2
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

It is the tiny space between the 2 neurons

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3
Q

What does the presynaptic do?

A

Sends neurons

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4
Q

What does the postsynaptic do?

A

transmits the signal away from the synapse

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5
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

They are chemical messages sent from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron

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6
Q

Neurotransmitters are released from where?

A

From the synaptic vesicles

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7
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

They are synthesized, transported into synaptic vesicles membrane enclosed structures that are very small(50nm diameter)

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8
Q

What causes a neuron to release synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters?

A

Depolarization

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9
Q

What does depolarization trigger?

A

Neurotransmitter release

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10
Q

What happens when the AP arrives at the axon terminal?

A

Depolarized terminal, opens voltage-gated calcium channels, and causes influx of calcium ions

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11
Q

What happens if calcium channels are open?

A

Calcium will flow into the cell, own its concentration gradient

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12
Q

What triggers vesicle release?

A

Calcium influx at the axon terminal

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13
Q

What binds and activates the protein synaptotagmin which triggers vesicle release?

A

Ca2+

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14
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

It is the process by which the membrane of synaptic vesicle fuses with the pre-synaptic membrane

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15
Q

What is exocytosis triggered by?

A

Synaptotagmin

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16
Q

What does the activation of synaptotagmin caused by calcium cause?

A

SNARE proteins which leads the synaptic vesicle and presynaptic cell membrane to come together for exocytosis and neurotransmitter release

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17
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The emptied vesicle is closed, detached from the cell membrane, and recycled (refilled with neurotransmitter)

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18
Q

What are chemical synaptic transmissions?

A

They are the neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic neuron bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neurons membrane

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19
Q

What two potentials are graded potentials?

A

Excitatory(EPSP) and inhibitory(IPSP)

20
Q

What neurotransmitters bind to their receptors triggering postsynaptic responses?

A

EPSP and IPSP

21
Q

What is EPSP?

A

The postsynaptic neuron is depolarized and an AP becomes more likely (usually through opening of sodium channels)

22
Q

What is IPSP?

A

The postsynaptic neuron is hyperpolarized and an AP becomes less likely (usually through opening of chloride channels).

23
Q

What is synaptic integration?

A

EPSPs and IPSPs are summated at the axon hillock; if there is a significant enough difference in favor of EPSPs (if the voltage reaches ~ -40mV), the axon hillock will reach threshold and fire an AP.

24
Q

What are the classes of neurotransmitter receptors?

A

Ionotropic receptors(ligand-gated ion channels) and metabotropic receptors

25
Q

What are Ionotropic receptors?

A

: ligand-gated ion channels. Neurotransmitter binds to receptor and channel opens.

26
Q

What are metabotropic receptors?

A

Neurotransmitter binds to receptor, which triggers the activation of a G Protein, which can then open or close ion channels OR triggers secondary messengers for a variety of purposes.

27
Q

What is a difference between metabotropic and ionotropic receptors?

A

Metabotropic signaling is slower than ionotropic, but allows for amplification of the signal via secondary processes.

28
Q

What are the 4 criteria for identifying neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical mist be synthesized or present in neuron, when released chemical must produce response in target cell, same receptor action must e obtained when chemical is experimentally placed on target, there must be a mechanism for removal after chemical is done

29
Q

What are the mechanisms for removing neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft?

A

Neurotransmitters can be re-uptaken in to the axon terminal or uptaken by the glia, enzymes may inactivate neurotransmitters, or neurotransmitters can just diffuse out of the synaptic cleft

30
Q

What is glutamate?

A

It is an amino acid that is the main excitatory transmitter in the CNS
o Binds to several types of receptors
o Has key roles in learning and memory
o Can trigger increased influx of Na+ and Ca2+

31
Q

What is GABA?

A

It is an amino acid that is usually inhibitory but not in early development and binds to both GABA a and b

32
Q

What are some examples of Amines?

A

Dopamine, Serotonin, Epinephrine, achetylcholine etc.(Often modulatory actions

33
Q

What is achetylcholine(ACh)

A

It is usually a excitatory neurotransmitter, in the PNS and often more modulatory in the CNS

34
Q

What are Neuropeptides and what are some examples?

A

They are short amino acid chains, some examples include proteins, insulin, CCK, substance P, usually modulatory actions

35
Q

What drug if used to much with schizophrenia or too little with Parkinson’s can go wrong?

A

Dopamine

36
Q

What is GABA a?

A

It is a GABA gated chloride channel receptor, goes into IPSP and hyperpolarizes the neuron

37
Q

What is GABA b?

A

It is a metabotropic receptor that has G-proteins which ultimately open K+ channels

38
Q

Where are neuropeptides released from?

A

Dense core vesicles(DCV)

39
Q

Are dense core vesicles(DCV) or synaptic vesicles(SV)larger?

A

DCV is larger

40
Q

What is DCV released upon?

A

Strong stimulation, not AP

41
Q

What is the difference between neuropeptides and classical neurotransmitters?

A

Dense core vesicles are within neuropeptides and Synaptic vesicles are within neurotransmitters(GABA, Glutamate or ACh)

42
Q

What is substance P?

A

It is a neuropeptide with 11 amino acids(a chain), it is involved in pain processing and modulatory actions

43
Q

What are neuropeptides important regulators for?

A

Hunger, satiety, and energy balance

44
Q

How do electrical synaptic communication occur?

A

Via gap junctions from a pore between 2 cells, they are bi direction(can go from both directions)

45
Q

DO electrical synaptic communications have any delay?

A

Almost none due to gap junctions, no

intro to neuroscience (10 decks)

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