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intro to neuroscience > Lecture 6 vocab > Flashcards

Lecture 6 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of the synapses in the nervous system are chemical(with neurotransmitters and receptors)?

A

About 90%

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2
Q

What percent of the synapses in the brain are electrical(via gap junctions)?

A

About 10%

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3
Q

How do electrical synaptic communications occur?

A

Through gap junctions

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4
Q

What do gap junction proteins(connexins) form?

A

A pore between 2 cells

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5
Q

What type of synapses do metabotropic receptors bind to?

A

Chemical synapses

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6
Q

What flows through electrical synapses?

A

Ions flow through the gap junction channels

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7
Q

What are sensations constrained by?

A

They are constrained by what can be detected by receptors and what can be interpreted by the brain

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8
Q

What are the steps of all sensory systems to get to sensation and perception?

A

Stimulus in the environment, receptor cells(receptor potential), relay/afferent neurons(action potentials), pathways to neurons in higher brain, then sensation and perception

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9
Q

What is the chemosensory system?

A

It is sensory receptors specialized to bind chemical stimuli(Smell and taste)

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10
Q

What sensory receptors consist of the chemosensory system?

A

Olfaction(smell) and Gustation(taste)

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11
Q

What is the difference between taste and smell?

A

Taste is an immediate sense, a final checkpoint for the acceptability of food before entering the body and smell is more distant, it allows us to detect small concentrations of airborne substances

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12
Q

What do olfactory sensory neurons in the nose contain?

A

Odorant receptors

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13
Q

What do odorant molecules in the air bind to?

A

Receptors expressed on olfactory sensory neurons in the nose

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14
Q

How many types of odorant receptors do olfactory sensory neurons each have?

A

1

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15
Q

How many types of odorant receptors are there?

A

350

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16
Q

What is another way to say odorant receptors?

A

Metabotropic receptors

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17
Q

What is combinatorial coding(population coding)?

A

A single odorant receptor can recognize multiple odorants and one odorant is recognized by a specific combination of different receptors

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18
Q

What does olfactory sensory neurons expressing a single type of odorant receptor do?

A

They respond to multiple odors with different strength responses

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19
Q

Where do olfactory sensory neurons in the nose project to?

A

The olfactory bulb

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20
Q

What happens in the olfactory bulb?

A

The olfactory sensory neurons are grouped into specialized structures called glomeruli

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21
Q

What is it called when the olfactory sensory neurons are grouped into specialized structures in the olfactory bulb?

A

Glomeruli

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22
Q

What do all olfactory sensory neurons with the same odorant receptor connect to?

A

They all connect to the same glomerulus

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23
Q

What do transduce chemical signals(odors) turn into?

A

Electrical signals(APs)

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24
Q

Through what do olfactory sensory neurons carry the electrical signals(APs) along their axons?

A

Through the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb in the brain

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25
Q

What are Mitral and tufted cells?

A

They are the neurons that connect to the olfactory bulb to higher order olfactory brain regions

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26
Q

What is the only sense that skips the thalamus?

A

Olfaction

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27
Q

What do all other sensory information except for olfaction have to travel to before reaching cortex?

A

The thalamus

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28
Q

What cells carry odor information to the piriform cortex and the amygdala after it travelled through the olfactory bulb?

A

Mitral and tufted cells

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29
Q

What is the piriform cortex?

A

Primary olfactory cortex

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30
Q

What does the piriform cortex do?

A

It is used for identifying smells

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31
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

It is for emotional responses, to smell

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32
Q

Is there an apparent organization in the primary olfactory cortex?

A

No, its random(the connections from the olfactory bulb to the piriform cortex)

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33
Q

What does the random organization of the primary olfactory cortex mean for the activation of neurons with smell?

A

It means that 1 smell will activate neurons that are spread out all over the piriform cortex region

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34
Q

What is calcium imaging?

A

It is when you add a chemical dye or genetically encoded
indicator that can change its fluorescence in
response to Ca2+, then, image the brain with microscope
Result: Effectively measures activity in individual
neurons

35
Q

What is calcium associated with?

A

Its associated with neurotransmission

36
Q

What does the calcium indicator GCaMP do?

A

1 neuron responds to benzaldehyde odor(almond smell)

37
Q

How are neurons placed in the piriform cortex?

A

They are scattered widely across space

38
Q

How are smells that come from molecules with similar shapes and structures represented in neighboring parts of the piriform cortex?

A

They’re not

39
Q

What type of smell are hexanal imaging odor responsive neurons in the piriform cortex?

A

Smells like grass

40
Q

What type of smell are octanal imaging odor responsive neurons in the piriform cortex?

A

Fruity smell

41
Q

Is the smell represented in the piriform cortex hardwired or must it be learned?

A

It must be learned

42
Q

What does innate attraction attract?

A

Positive valence(good smell)

43
Q

What does innate aversion averse?

A

Negative valence(bad smell)

44
Q

What does experiencing these smells drive?

A

They drive innate emotional behavior’s(no learning required)

45
Q

What does the primary olfactory cortex support?

A

Learned odor associations

46
Q

What does the amygdala represent?

A

Odors with innate valences

47
Q

What is papilla?

A

It is on the tongue, it contains taste buds

48
Q

How many taste receptor cells can each taste bud contain?

A

50-100 taste receptor cells

49
Q

Where are taste receptor cells clustered in?

A

Inside taste buds

50
Q

What do taste buds allow molecules and ions to do?

A

They open and allow them to bind receptor on the taste receptor to cells inside

51
Q

What do taste receptor cells release onto axons that project to the brain?

A

Neurotransmitters like ATP or serotonin

52
Q

What are the 5 basic tastes?

A

Bitter, sour, salt, sweet, and savory(Umami)

53
Q

What is everything else other than the 5 basic tastes?

A

It is actually flavor(comes from smell primarily)

54
Q

What is the receptor for salt?

A

NaCI(prob an ion channel)

55
Q

What does ENaC channel allow?

A

It allows sodium ions to enter directly into the cell(salt)

56
Q

What does ENaC channels allowing sodium ions to enter directly into the cells trigger?

A

It depolarizes and triggers neurotransmitter release

57
Q

What do the sour receptors detect from sour substances and acids?

A

Protons(H+)

58
Q

What do these sour taste protons(H+) do?

A

They block K+ channels which leads to closing K+ channels

59
Q

What does the closing of K+ channels in sour taste cells cause?

A

Depolarization

60
Q

What do bitter tastants bind?

A

Metabotropic receptors

61
Q

what are T2Rs?

A

They are a family of 30+ of bitter taste receptors

62
Q

What leads to depolarization and neurotransmitter release in bitter tastants?

A

Multi-step signaling pathways

63
Q

What do sweet tastants bind to?

A

They bind to other metabotropic receptors

64
Q

What are T1Rs?

A

They are a family of sweet receptors

65
Q

What do signaling pathways end with in sweet tastants?

A

Depolarization

66
Q

what is Umami(savory) the taste respond to?

A

Glutamate

67
Q

What taste receptors do taste buds contain for umami?

A

Glutamate and T1R1+T1R3(metabotropic) receptors

68
Q

What is glutamate in umami?

A

It is a selective metabotropic receptor: mGluR4 & mGIuR1

69
Q

What did you eat if your T1R2 receptor is active?

A

Something sweet

70
Q

What did you eat if your T1R1+T1R3 receptor is active?

A

Something Savory

71
Q

how many tastes to taste receptor cells typically respond to an what is the exeption to this rule?

A

1 taste, sour may be an exception to 1 cell:1 taste rule

72
Q

What is taste information in the tongue transduced into so it can be released?

A

Its transduced into electrical signals and chemical neurotransmitter release

73
Q

Where do the transduced electrical signals and chemical neurotransmitter signals travel through?

A

Through 1 of 3 cranial nerves

74
Q

From the cranial nerves, where do the electrical signals and the chemical neurotransmitter release go?

A

They go to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla(1st step of taste processing)

75
Q

Where does the taste information travel to fromthe nucleus of the solitary tract(NST)?

A

The thalamus(The ventral posterior medial(VPM))

76
Q

From the thalamus(VPM) where does the taste information travel to?

A

The primary gustatory cortex(insula)

77
Q

What is the primary gustatory cortex(insula)?

A

Learning about taste and influencing food selection and feeding behavior

78
Q

Does the primary gustatory cortex contain many cells that respond to more than a single tastant?

A

No, its only one single tastant

79
Q

When is combinatorial coding more appropriate?

A

When the (odor) inputs needs to be learned from experience (ex. piriform cortex)

80
Q

When is labeled line coding more appropriate?

A

When inputs have innate meaning(ex. smell good/bad)

81
Q

Less than what percentage is there an increase in the osmolarity of our blood transformed by the brain into the sensation of thirst?

A

> =1%

82
Q

What does decreasing blood volume also do?

A

It stimulates thirst and water ingestion

83
Q

What can neurons in the brain directly do(related to regulation of hunger, thirst and satiety)?

A

They directly detect circulating glucose and fructose levels

84
Q

What are neuropeptides important for regulating?

A

Hunger, thirst, satiety, and energy balance

intro to neuroscience (10 decks)

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