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intro to neuroscience > Lecture 6 vocab > Flashcards

Lecture 6 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of the synapses in the nervous system are chemical(with neurotransmitters and receptors)?

A

About 90%

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2
Q

What percent of the synapses in the brain are electrical(via gap junctions)?

A

About 10%

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3
Q

How do electrical synaptic communications occur?

A

Through gap junctions

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4
Q

What do gap junction proteins(connexins) form?

A

A pore between 2 cells

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5
Q

What type of synapses do metabotropic receptors bind to?

A

Chemical synapses

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6
Q

What flows through electrical synapses?

A

Ions flow through the gap junction channels

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7
Q

What are sensations constrained by?

A

They are constrained by what can be detected by receptors and what can be interpreted by the brain

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8
Q

What are the steps of all sensory systems to get to sensation and perception?

A

Stimulus in the environment, receptor cells(receptor potential), relay/afferent neurons(action potentials), pathways to neurons in higher brain, then sensation and perception

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9
Q

What is the chemosensory system?

A

It is sensory receptors specialized to bind chemical stimuli(Smell and taste)

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10
Q

What sensory receptors consist of the chemosensory system?

A

Olfaction(smell) and Gustation(taste)

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11
Q

What is the difference between taste and smell?

A

Taste is an immediate sense, a final checkpoint for the acceptability of food before entering the body and smell is more distant, it allows us to detect small concentrations of airborne substances

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12
Q

What do olfactory sensory neurons in the nose contain?

A

Odorant receptors

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13
Q

What do odorant molecules in the air bind to?

A

Receptors expressed on olfactory sensory neurons in the nose

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14
Q

How many types of odorant receptors do olfactory sensory neurons each have?

A

1

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15
Q

How many types of odorant receptors are there?

A

350

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16
Q

What is another way to say odorant receptors?

A

Metabotropic receptors

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17
Q

What is combinatorial coding(population coding)?

A

A single odorant receptor can recognize multiple odorants and one odorant is recognized by a specific combination of different receptors

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18
Q

What does olfactory sensory neurons expressing a single type of odorant receptor do?

A

They respond to multiple odors with different strength responses

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19
Q

Where do olfactory sensory neurons in the nose project to?

A

The olfactory bulb

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20
Q

What happens in the olfactory bulb?

A

The olfactory sensory neurons are grouped into specialized structures called glomeruli

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21
Q

What is it called when the olfactory sensory neurons are grouped into specialized structures in the olfactory bulb?

A

Glomeruli

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22
Q

What do all olfactory sensory neurons with the same odorant receptor connect to?

A

They all connect to the same glomerulus

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23
Q

What do transduce chemical signals(odors) turn into?

A

Electrical signals(APs)

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24
Q

Through what do olfactory sensory neurons carry the electrical signals(APs) along their axons?

A

Through the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb in the brain

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25
What are Mitral and tufted cells?
They are the neurons that connect to the olfactory bulb to higher order olfactory brain regions
26
What is the only sense that skips the thalamus?
Olfaction
27
What do all other sensory information except for olfaction have to travel to before reaching cortex?
The thalamus
28
What cells carry odor information to the piriform cortex and the amygdala after it travelled through the olfactory bulb?
Mitral and tufted cells
29
What is the piriform cortex?
Primary olfactory cortex
30
What does the piriform cortex do?
It is used for identifying smells
31
What is the amygdala?
It is for emotional responses, to smell
32
Is there an apparent organization in the primary olfactory cortex?
No, its random(the connections from the olfactory bulb to the piriform cortex)
33
What does the random organization of the primary olfactory cortex mean for the activation of neurons with smell?
It means that 1 smell will activate neurons that are spread out all over the piriform cortex region
34
What is calcium imaging?
It is when you add a chemical dye or genetically encoded indicator that can change its fluorescence in response to Ca2+, then, image the brain with microscope Result: Effectively measures activity in individual neurons
35
What is calcium associated with?
Its associated with neurotransmission
36
What does the calcium indicator GCaMP do?
1 neuron responds to benzaldehyde odor(almond smell)
37
How are neurons placed in the piriform cortex?
They are scattered widely across space
38
How are smells that come from molecules with similar shapes and structures represented in neighboring parts of the piriform cortex?
They're not
39
What type of smell are hexanal imaging odor responsive neurons in the piriform cortex?
Smells like grass
40
What type of smell are octanal imaging odor responsive neurons in the piriform cortex?
Fruity smell
41
Is the smell represented in the piriform cortex hardwired or must it be learned?
It must be learned
42
What does innate attraction attract?
Positive valence(good smell)
43
What does innate aversion averse?
Negative valence(bad smell)
44
What does experiencing these smells drive?
They drive innate emotional behavior's(no learning required)
45
What does the primary olfactory cortex support?
Learned odor associations
46
What does the amygdala represent?
Odors with innate valences
47
What is papilla?
It is on the tongue, it contains taste buds
48
How many taste receptor cells can each taste bud contain?
50-100 taste receptor cells
49
Where are taste receptor cells clustered in?
Inside taste buds
50
What do taste buds allow molecules and ions to do?
They open and allow them to bind receptor on the taste receptor to cells inside
51
What do taste receptor cells release onto axons that project to the brain?
Neurotransmitters like ATP or serotonin
52
What are the 5 basic tastes?
Bitter, sour, salt, sweet, and savory(Umami)
53
What is everything else other than the 5 basic tastes?
It is actually flavor(comes from smell primarily)
54
What is the receptor for salt?
NaCI(prob an ion channel)
55
What does ENaC channel allow?
It allows sodium ions to enter directly into the cell(salt)
56
What does ENaC channels allowing sodium ions to enter directly into the cells trigger?
It depolarizes and triggers neurotransmitter release
57
What do the sour receptors detect from sour substances and acids?
Protons(H+)
58
What do these sour taste protons(H+) do?
They block K+ channels which leads to closing K+ channels
59
What does the closing of K+ channels in sour taste cells cause?
Depolarization
60
What do bitter tastants bind?
Metabotropic receptors
61
what are T2Rs?
They are a family of 30+ of bitter taste receptors
62
What leads to depolarization and neurotransmitter release in bitter tastants?
Multi-step signaling pathways
63
What do sweet tastants bind to?
They bind to other metabotropic receptors
64
What are T1Rs?
They are a family of sweet receptors
65
What do signaling pathways end with in sweet tastants?
Depolarization
66
what is Umami(savory) the taste respond to?
Glutamate
67
What taste receptors do taste buds contain for umami?
Glutamate and T1R1+T1R3(metabotropic) receptors
68
What is glutamate in umami?
It is a selective metabotropic receptor: mGluR4 & mGIuR1
69
What did you eat if your T1R2 receptor is active?
Something sweet
70
What did you eat if your T1R1+T1R3 receptor is active?
Something Savory
71
how many tastes to taste receptor cells typically respond to an what is the exeption to this rule?
1 taste, sour may be an exception to 1 cell:1 taste rule
72
What is taste information in the tongue transduced into so it can be released?
Its transduced into electrical signals and chemical neurotransmitter release
73
Where do the transduced electrical signals and chemical neurotransmitter signals travel through?
Through 1 of 3 cranial nerves
74
From the cranial nerves, where do the electrical signals and the chemical neurotransmitter release go?
They go to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla(1st step of taste processing)
75
Where does the taste information travel to fromthe nucleus of the solitary tract(NST)?
The thalamus(The ventral posterior medial(VPM))
76
From the thalamus(VPM) where does the taste information travel to?
The primary gustatory cortex(insula)
77
What is the primary gustatory cortex(insula)?
Learning about taste and influencing food selection and feeding behavior
78
Does the primary gustatory cortex contain many cells that respond to more than a single tastant?
No, its only one single tastant
79
When is combinatorial coding more appropriate?
When the (odor) inputs needs to be learned from experience (ex. piriform cortex)
80
When is labeled line coding more appropriate?
When inputs have innate meaning(ex. smell good/bad)
81
Less than what percentage is there an increase in the osmolarity of our blood transformed by the brain into the sensation of thirst?
>=1%
82
What does decreasing blood volume also do?
It stimulates thirst and water ingestion
83
What can neurons in the brain directly do(related to regulation of hunger, thirst and satiety)?
They directly detect circulating glucose and fructose levels
84
What are neuropeptides important for regulating?
Hunger, thirst, satiety, and energy balance

intro to neuroscience (10 decks)

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