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intro to neuroscience > Lecture 2 vocab > Flashcards

Lecture 2 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the brain provides survival needs and adaptations?

A

The olfactory bulbs

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2
Q

Which specific area of the brain was enlarged through evolution?

A

The Frontal lobe

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3
Q

What cellular elements is the brain made up of?

A

Neurons and the Glia

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4
Q

What is the fundamental unit of all living organisms?

A

The cell

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5
Q

Who made the Golgi stain?

A

Camillo Golgi

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6
Q

What did the Golgi stain do?

A

It selectively filled neurons with sparse, silver stains

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7
Q

What is the Neuron Doctrine?

A

Neurons are the functional unit of the nervous system

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8
Q

Who proposed the Neuron Doctrine?

A

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

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9
Q

What is a neuron?

A

It is the functional unit of the nervous system

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10
Q

How many neurons are in the human brain?

A

86 billion neurons

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11
Q

Do having more neurons equal to being more intelligent as a species?

A

No

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12
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A

The cell membrane, cytosol, and cytoplasm

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13
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

It separates the inside and the outside of the cell

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14
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Its the fluid inside a cell, it is mostly water with salts(cyto means cell)

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15
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Cytosol + all the organelles within the cell (except the nucleus)

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16
Q

What do the Dendrites do?

A

It receives information from other cells

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17
Q

What does the cell do after it receives information from the other cells?

A

It decides if the information received is significant enough to pass along

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18
Q

What is in the conduction zone of a neuron?

A

The Axon

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19
Q

What part of the neuron releases chemicals to send a signal to the following cell?

A

The Axon terminals

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20
Q

What is a cell connected to when it releases chemicals to and a signal to the following cell?

A

A postsynaptic neuron

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21
Q

What are the differences between an axon and a dendrite?

A

Dendrites receive information and axons send information or restrict information from passing.

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22
Q

How many different type of neurites are there and what are they?

A

There is 4, the unipolar neuron, bipolar neuron, multipolar neuorn, and the pseudo-unipolar neuron

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23
Q

What is the difference between projection neurons and interneurons?

A

Projection neurons are longer

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24
Q

Do all dendrites have spines?

A

No

25
Q

What do the spines of neurons do?

A

They receive communications from other neurons(the site of synapses)

26
Q

What can spines of neurons do and what is this remodeling important for?

A

They grow and shrink. remodeling is important for learning and memory

27
Q

What is spine shape associated with?

A

Learning and behavior

28
Q

What is GFP?

A

It is a green fluorescent protein, a jellyfish which glows right green, a tool for labeling/coloring cells in the brain & body for study(to show neurons morphology)

29
Q

What is brainbow?

A

Individual neurons are different colors, allowing tracking and study of many cells

30
Q

What can fluorescent proteins also show us?

A

Synapses

31
Q

What three types of neurons are there?

A

Primary sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons

32
Q

What are connectomics made from?

A

Neurons

33
Q

What are Glia?

A

They are non-neuronal cells that are essential cells that make up the nervous systems. they hold the brain together

34
Q

What is the microglia?

A

They are cells that “clean up” after injury to neurons. infection or disease

35
Q

Where are microglia’s from?

A

The immune system

36
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

They line the ventricles, contribute to CSF creation and secretion, their cilia beat to CSF

37
Q

Where are Astrocytes found?

A

Neuron to neuron connections and blook vessels to neuron connection’s

38
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

They regulate neuron functions

39
Q

What can astrocytes do?

A

They can release gliotransmitters(like glutamate) to send signals to neighboring neurons

40
Q

Do astrocytes over lap territories?

A

No, but they may interact with several different neurons and even more synapses

41
Q

What do astrocytes “End feet” do?

A

They expand or narrow blood vessels, controlling the flow of oxygen and nutrients

42
Q

What do astrocytes “end feet” surround?

A

Capillaries and function with epithelial cells to form the tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier

43
Q

What wraps around synapses

A

Astrocytes process

44
Q

What do astrocytes prevent?

A

Spillover of the chemicals that neurons release and release their own signals

45
Q

What nervous system are oligodendrocytes apart of?

A

CNS

46
Q

What nervous system are Schwann cells apart of?

A

PNS

47
Q

What do Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes do?

A

They form the myelin sheaths that insulate the axons of some neurons to speed up neural communication

48
Q

How many axons do Schwann cells wrap myelin around in the PNS?

A

1

49
Q

What happens when damage has occurred to a nerve in the PNS?

A

The Schwann cells will aid in digestion of its axons and it can guide regeneration

50
Q

In which Nervous system can regeneration/regrowth most likely occur in after injury?

A

PNS

51
Q

How many axons can the oligodendrocyte extend myelin around in the CNS?

A

About 50 axons

52
Q

What do damaged oligodendrocytes release?

A

Molecules that block an inhibit regeneration after an injury

53
Q

What is gray matter made up of?

A

Mostly the somas(cell bodies) of the neurons

54
Q

What is white matter made up of?

A

Mostly myelinated axon bundles

55
Q

Which matter is myelin?

A

White matter

56
Q

What is sclerosis?

A

It is a disease in which the immune system attacks the myelin sheath, disrupting the flow of information in the brain and spinal cord

57
Q

What symptoms occur in cases where someone is diagnosed with sclerosis?

A

Muscle weakness, trouble with sensation and motor coordination

58
Q

What are radial glial cells important for?

A

Brain development, they let neurons migrate along them to reach their final destination

59
Q

Can radial glial cells give a ride to multiple cell types?

A

Yes, like neurons, astrocytes, and maybe oligodendrocytes

intro to neuroscience (10 decks)

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