Lecture 2 vocab

Question 1

What part of the brain provides survival needs and adaptations?

Answer 1

The olfactory bulbs

Question 2

Which specific area of the brain was enlarged through evolution?

Answer 2

The Frontal lobe

Question 3

What cellular elements is the brain made up of?

Answer 3

Neurons and the Glia

Question 4

What is the fundamental unit of all living organisms?

Answer 4

The cell

Question 5

Who made the Golgi stain?

Answer 5

Camillo Golgi

Question 6

What did the Golgi stain do?

Answer 6

It selectively filled neurons with sparse, silver stains

Question 7

What is the Neuron Doctrine?

Answer 7

Neurons are the functional unit of the nervous system

Question 8

Who proposed the Neuron Doctrine?

Answer 8

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Question 9

What is a neuron?

Answer 9

It is the functional unit of the nervous system

Question 10

How many neurons are in the human brain?

Answer 10

86 billion neurons

Question 11

Do having more neurons equal to being more intelligent as a species?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

What are the parts of a neuron?

Answer 12

The cell membrane, cytosol, and cytoplasm

Question 13

What does the cell membrane do?

Answer 13

It separates the inside and the outside of the cell

Question 14

What is cytosol?

Answer 14

Its the fluid inside a cell, it is mostly water with salts(cyto means cell)

Question 15

What is cytoplasm?

Answer 15

Cytosol + all the organelles within the cell (except the nucleus)

Question 16

What do the Dendrites do?

Answer 16

It receives information from other cells

Question 17

What does the cell do after it receives information from the other cells?

Answer 17

It decides if the information received is significant enough to pass along

Question 18

What is in the conduction zone of a neuron?

Answer 18

The Axon

Question 19

What part of the neuron releases chemicals to send a signal to the following cell?

Answer 19

The Axon terminals

Question 20

What is a cell connected to when it releases chemicals to and a signal to the following cell?

Answer 20

A postsynaptic neuron

Question 21

What are the differences between an axon and a dendrite?

Answer 21

Dendrites receive information and axons send information or restrict information from passing.

Question 22

How many different type of neurites are there and what are they?

Answer 22

There is 4, the unipolar neuron, bipolar neuron, multipolar neuorn, and the pseudo-unipolar neuron

Question 23

What is the difference between projection neurons and interneurons?

Answer 23

Projection neurons are longer

Question 24

Do all dendrites have spines?

Answer 24

No

Question 25

What do the spines of neurons do?

Answer 25

They receive communications from other neurons(the site of synapses)

Question 26

What can spines of neurons do and what is this remodeling important for?

Answer 26

They grow and shrink. remodeling is important for learning and memory

Question 27

What is spine shape associated with?

Answer 27

Learning and behavior

Question 28

What is GFP?

Answer 28

It is a green fluorescent protein, a jellyfish which glows right green, a tool for labeling/coloring cells in the brain & body for study(to show neurons morphology)

Question 29

What is brainbow?

Answer 29

Individual neurons are different colors, allowing tracking and study of many cells

Question 30

What can fluorescent proteins also show us?

Answer 30

Synapses

Question 31

What three types of neurons are there?

Answer 31

Primary sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons

Question 32

What are connectomics made from?

Answer 32

Neurons

Question 33

What are Glia?

Answer 33

They are non-neuronal cells that are essential cells that make up the nervous systems. they hold the brain together

Question 34

What is the microglia?

Answer 34

They are cells that "clean up" after injury to neurons. infection or disease

Question 35

Where are microglia's from?

Answer 35

The immune system

Question 36

What do ependymal cells do?

Answer 36

They line the ventricles, contribute to CSF creation and secretion, their cilia beat to CSF

Question 37

Where are Astrocytes found?

Answer 37

Neuron to neuron connections and blook vessels to neuron connection's

Question 38

What do astrocytes do?

Answer 38

They regulate neuron functions

Question 39

What can astrocytes do?

Answer 39

They can release gliotransmitters(like glutamate) to send signals to neighboring neurons

Question 40

Do astrocytes over lap territories?

Answer 40

No, but they may interact with several different neurons and even more synapses

Question 41

What do astrocytes "End feet" do?

Answer 41

They expand or narrow blood vessels, controlling the flow of oxygen and nutrients

Question 42

What do astrocytes "end feet" surround?

Answer 42

Capillaries and function with epithelial cells to form the tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier

Question 43

What wraps around synapses

Answer 43

Astrocytes process

Question 44

What do astrocytes prevent?

Answer 44

Spillover of the chemicals that neurons release and release their own signals

Question 45

What nervous system are oligodendrocytes apart of?

Answer 45

CNS

Question 46

What nervous system are Schwann cells apart of?

Answer 46

PNS

Question 47

What do Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes do?

Answer 47

They form the myelin sheaths that insulate the axons of some neurons to speed up neural communication

Question 48

How many axons do Schwann cells wrap myelin around in the PNS?

Answer 48

1

Question 49

What happens when damage has occurred to a nerve in the PNS?

Answer 49

The Schwann cells will aid in digestion of its axons and it can guide regeneration

Question 50

In which Nervous system can regeneration/regrowth most likely occur in after injury?

Answer 50

PNS

Question 51

How many axons can the oligodendrocyte extend myelin around in the CNS?

Answer 51

About 50 axons

Question 52

What do damaged oligodendrocytes release?

Answer 52

Molecules that block an inhibit regeneration after an injury

Question 53

What is gray matter made up of?

Answer 53

Mostly the somas(cell bodies) of the neurons

Question 54

What is white matter made up of?

Answer 54

Mostly myelinated axon bundles

Question 55

Which matter is myelin?

Answer 55

White matter

Question 56

What is sclerosis?

Answer 56

It is a disease in which the immune system attacks the myelin sheath, disrupting the flow of information in the brain and spinal cord

Question 57

What symptoms occur in cases where someone is diagnosed with sclerosis?

Answer 57

Muscle weakness, trouble with sensation and motor coordination

Question 58

What are radial glial cells important for?

Answer 58

Brain development, they let neurons migrate along them to reach their final destination

Question 59

Can radial glial cells give a ride to multiple cell types?

Answer 59

Yes, like neurons, astrocytes, and maybe oligodendrocytes