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intro to neuroscience > Lecture 3 Vocab > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key players in communication in a a neuron?

A

Water, ions, cell membrane, and channels

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2
Q

What is water a key ingredient of when it comes to casting chemicals?

A

Intracellular&extracellular

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3
Q

Intracellular means…

A

Inside a cell

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4
Q

Extracellular means…

A

Outside a cell

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5
Q

What’s a polar solvent?

A

A charged substance that can dissolve in water

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6
Q

What are ions

A

Atoms or molecules with a net electrical charge due to gain or loss of electrons

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of ions

A

Anions and cations

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8
Q

What are anions?

A

The net negative charge

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9
Q

What are cations

A

The net positive charge

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10
Q

What are cell membranes made up of?

A

Phospholipids

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11
Q

Why do ions move across neuronal membranes

A

It’s because of the difference in chemical concentration(diffusion) and the difference in charge(electricity)

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12
Q

What are ions that are taken together called?

A

Electrochemical gradient

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13
Q

What is the result of dissolved ions being in constant random motion?

A

They distribute evenly

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14
Q

What are the requirements for ions to flow down their chemical concentration gradient

A

A concentration gradient exists and a specific ion channels exist

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15
Q

Why do neurons have an electrical potentiometer difference(voltage) across so their membrane?

A

Because the charge is distributed unevenly across neuronal membranes

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16
Q

What is Ohms law?

A

I=V*g

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17
Q

What does the I, V, and g stand for in Ohms law?

A

I=current(from ions moving), V=voltage or electrical potential(difference in charge between the anode and cathode or the two sides of the membrane), and g=conductance(the relative ability of electrical charge to migrate from one point to another )

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18
Q

Can ions move through if there are no open channels? And what does this result to?

A

No and this means there is no electrical current flowing(g=0, then I=0, even if V is large)

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19
Q

What are ion channels?

A

They are trans membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through

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20
Q

What do ion channels allow their pores or do?

A

They only slow them to pass on 1 or a few types of ions

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21
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

It’s the boundary of the cell, it separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment

22
Q

What does the water do in a neuron?

A

It’s the solvent/polar

23
Q

What do the ions do?

A

They are atoms or molecules in solution with a net charge

24
Q

What do channels do?

A

They pass for ions to move in and out of the cell

25
Q

When recording the membrane potential, what are the units?

A

Milivolts

26
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

It is the potential difference(voltage) across the neuronal membrane at any time

27
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

It is the voltage across the neuronal membrane “at rest”

28
Q

What is concentration gradient? 

A

It’s the difference in concentration of K+ inside and outside the cell

29
Q

What is electrical gradient?

A

The difference in charge between the inside and outside of the cell

30
Q

What is the equilibrium potential?

A

It’s when the K+ moves until the concentration gradient pushing it out of the cell equals an electrical grid and pulling into the cell

31
Q

What is the net movement at equilibrium potential of any ion?

A

Net movement is 0.

32
Q

When there’s a difference between the membrane potential and an ions equilibrium potential what exists for this ion?

A

Ionic driving force

33
Q

What’s the equation for ionic driving force?

A

V m= E ion, no net just force=0

34
Q

What are ion concentration gradients established by?

A

Ion pumps

35
Q

What are ion pumps?

A

They are proteins that actively transport ions

36
Q

What do ion pumps move ions against?

A

Their concentration gradients

37
Q

What energy form do ion pumps need to do their job?

A

ATP

38
Q

What is ATP used for she. Na+ is present inside the crop of a sodium potassium pump?

A

It’s used as energy to change the shape of the pump proteins and to transport ions

39
Q

What do sodium potassium pumps transport?

A

3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ ions into the cell every cycle

40
Q

What do calcium pumps do?

A

Restore resting ion concentrations, actively transport Ca2+ out of the cell, and ATP is used as energy to change the shape of the pump of protien

41
Q

What is depolarization?

A

It’s a change in the membrane voltage that brings the membrane potential more positive

42
Q

What is hyper polarization?

A

It is a change in members voted that takes a cell membrane potential more negative

43
Q

What are the major classes of ion channels?

A

Leak channel(always open), ligand-gated channels, voltage-gated channels, and mechanically-gated channels(these last three are open in certain conditions)

44
Q

When do ligand-gated channels open?

A

When ligand chemical messengers bind to the ion channel protein(receptor)

45
Q

When does voltage gated channels open?

A

Opens at particular membrane voltages(ie; voltage gated potassium channels)

46
Q

When do Mechanically gated channels open?

A

These exist which open in response to pressure or pulling

47
Q

What are channelopathies?

A

They are reputations that ion channels that can cause severe disorders

48
Q

What disorders can channelopathies cause?

A

Epilepsy, migraine, blindness, deafness, diabetes and cancer, etc

49
Q

When neurons are at rest, what ions are more on the outside of the cell?

A

Sodium(+) ions and Chloride(Cl-) ions

50
Q

When neurons are at rest, what ions are more prevalent on the inside of the cell?

A

Organic anions and potassium(K+) ions

51
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of an average neuron?

A

Around -70 millivolts

intro to neuroscience (10 decks)

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