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hunt 245 > Lecture 7 - Protein > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Protein Flashcards

1
Q

low muscle mass has been associated with ….

A

increased morbidity, poorer quality of life and higher mortality

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2
Q

Low muscle strength was shown to be a significant …

A

and independent predictor of mortality risk

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3
Q

structural functions of protein in the body

A

collagen / keratin for bone, skin, nails, tendons and ligaments

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4
Q

what are the transport functions of protein

A

hemoglobin (O2 and CO2)

cytochromes (ETC)

lipoproteins (lipids)

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5
Q

what are the immune functions of protein

A

antibodies (eliminates foreign pathogens)

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6
Q

what are the contraction functions of protein

A

actin / myosin

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7
Q

what are the metabolic functions of protein

A

enzymes and hormones

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8
Q

what is the amino acid structure

A
  1. carboxyl group
  2. amine group
  3. variable group
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9
Q

what is a dipeptide

A

composed of 2 amino acids that are joined by a chemical bond, known as a peptide bond

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10
Q

what is a polypeptide

A

longer chains of amino acids

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11
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein determined by

A

amino acid sequence

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12
Q

what is the secondary structure determined by

A

determined by the interactions between groups

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13
Q

what is the tertiary structure of protein determined by

A

determined by interactions between side chains

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14
Q

what is the protein digestion in the stomach

A

hydrochloric acid denatures the proteins and pepsin degrades proteins to large polypeptides and amino acids

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15
Q

what is the protein digestion in the pancreas

A

pancreatic enzymes include trypsin and chylotrypsin degrade polypeptides to oligopeptides and amino acids

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16
Q

what is the protein digestion in the small intestine (and are they transported across intestinal membrane)

A

aminopeptidase degrade oligopeptides to peptides and amino acids

amino acids and small peptides are transported across intestinal membrane. Peptides are hydrolysed in the cytosol and thus amino acids enter circulation

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17
Q

can we store amino acids in the body

A

no

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18
Q

the amino acids in the extracellular fluid and in the blood represent what

A

the amino acid pool

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19
Q

the liver plays a crucial role in regulating the composition of the

A

amino acid pool

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20
Q

muscle gain happens when

A

muscle protein synthesis is greater than muscle protein breakdown

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21
Q

muscle protein synthesis depends on what

A

post prandial rise in plasma essential amino acid concentrations

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22
Q

what is leucine sensed by and what does this promote

A

sestrin2, this promotes translocation of mTORC1 to the lysosome membrane where it becomes activated - this causes activation of downstream anabolic signalling pathways

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23
Q

what does muscle protein synthesis vary between

A

varies between different dietary protein sources

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24
Q

not all proteins are the same, what differs

A

amino acid profiles

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25
Q

what protein has been found to have fast protein synthesis rate

A

whey protein

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26
Q

what is protein absorption like compared to carbs and fats

A

slow

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27
Q

plant based foods have a lower … when compared with protein animal based foods

A

lower absorbability

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28
Q

why do plant based sources of protein have a lower absorbability

A

because of anti nutritional factors in plant based foods

29
Q

why was there increase in protein synthesis from whey protein but not as much of an increase in from the same amount of wheat protein

A

not as much leucine, need more of the wheat protein to have the same effect

30
Q

Ingesting what amount of whey protein (providing 2.2–2.7 g leucine) strongly increases muscle protein synthesis rates

A

20–25 g

31
Q

how much wheat protein would you need to consume to get 2.7grams of leucine

A

45grams

32
Q

what is the general rule of leucine content in animal proteins compared to plant proteins

A

(8-13%) compared to (6-8%)

33
Q

what is the potential solution to low protein content in food

A

protein exraction

34
Q

what is the potential solution to low protein and low in specific essential amino acid

A

protein fortification

35
Q

what is the potential solution to low in specific essential amino acids

A

protein blends

36
Q

what is the potential solution to overall low essential amino acid content

A

increase protein intake

37
Q

how much protein do you need to maximise protein synthesis

A

current evidence suggest an intake of 0.3-0.4 per kg of body mass when consumed with food

38
Q

a study found myofibrillar protein synthesis to remain elevated above rest for …

A

12 hours following a single bout of resistance exercise and protein

39
Q

rates of protein synthesis are found to be highest with what intake of a moderate quantity of rapidly digested whey protein

A

intermediate intake (i.e every 3 hours)

40
Q

how long is the anabolic window found to be elevated for

A

24-48 hours

41
Q

why are whole eggs better for protein synthesis than egg whites

A

whole egg matrix is rich in high quality dietary protein, lipids, vitamins, and minerals compared to the egg white matrix

42
Q

While dietary amino acids are the main precursors for protein synthesis, the non-protein components of the whole egg, which are largely contained in the yolk may have a role in

A

may have a role in various aspects of the regulation of muscle protein synthesis rates (MPS).

43
Q

what is the limiting amino acid in soy

A

methionine

44
Q

what are the limiting amino acids in corn

A

lysine, tryptophan

45
Q

what are the limiting amino acids in legumes

A

tryptophan, methionine and cysteine

46
Q

what is the limiting amino acid in rice

A

lysine

47
Q

what is the limiting amino acid in wheat

A

lysine

48
Q

what is the absorption rate of soy protein isolate

A

3.9g/hr

49
Q

what is the absorption rate of casein isolate

A

6.1 g/hr

50
Q

what is the absorption rate of whey isolate

A

8-10 g/hr

51
Q

leucine is an amino acid that triggers what process

A

translocation of mammalian target rapamycin complex 1 (mTOR)

52
Q

the amino acid pool is constantly being turned over, what % does this contribute to BMR

A

~20%

53
Q

what are the branched chain amino acids

A

lsoleucine

leucine

valine

54
Q

what has the highest leucine content

A

whey

55
Q

what are the protein recommendations for sedentary (g/kg/d)

A

0.8 g/kg/d

56
Q

what are the protein recommendations for recreational (g/kg/d)

A

0.8-1.0 g/kg/d

57
Q

what are the protein recommendations for resistance athletes (steady state)

A

1.0-1.2 g/kg/d

58
Q

what are the protein recommendations for moderate intensity endurance athletes (g/kg/d)

A

1.2 (g/kg/d)

59
Q

what are the protein recommendations for resistance athletes (early training) (g/kg/d)

A

1.5-1.7 g/kg/d

60
Q

what are the protein recommendations for elite male endurance athletes (g/kg/d)

A

1.6 g/kg/d

61
Q

what are the protein recommendations for football, power sports (g/kg/d)

A

1.4 - 1.7 g/kg/d

62
Q

how should athletes optimally stimulate protein synthesis

A

by consuming 20-30grams of protein at a serving over 3-4 feeding occasions per day

63
Q

what are the essential amino acids

A

lsoleucine (BCAA)
leucine (BCAA)
lysine
methionine
phenylalanine
threonine
tryptophan
valine (BCAA)

64
Q

what are the non essential amino acids

A

alanine
arginine
asparagine
aspartate
cysteine
glutamate
glutamine
glycine
histidine
proline
serine
tyrosine

65
Q

what is the absorption rate of carbs

A

60-100g/hr

66
Q

what is the absorption rate of fat

A

~14g/hr

67
Q

what % of protein in egg whites, whole eggs, and chicken is absorbed

A

~ 85–95%

68
Q

what % of protein in chickpeas, mung beans, and yellow peas is absorbed

A

~ 50–75%

69
Q

is collagen a quality protein

A

no

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